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4 phases of a seizure: - ✔✔✔aura; tonic; clonic; postictial a graph used in hemiodilis is: - ✔✔✔an artificial connection between a vein and an artery abdomen loss with 1 inch distention: - ✔✔✔1000-2000 mL abdominal eviscerations: - ✔✔✔moist, sterile, fiber free occlusive dressing; treat for shock abruptio placentae: - ✔✔✔separation of the placentae from the uterine wall; can result from traumatic injury; administer oxygen 100% absence seizure: - ✔✔✔loss of awareness characterized by a blank stare; mistaken for daydreaming action of oral glucose: - ✔✔✔increases blood sugar and brain sugar levels actions of epinephrine: - ✔✔✔mimics response of sympathetic nervous system; constricts blood vessels to improve blood pressure; relaxes smooth muscles to improve breathing; stimulates heartbeat; reverses swelling and hives acute subdural hematoma: - ✔✔✔expands rapidly due to size of vessel; develops in a few hours aneurysm: - ✔✔✔ruptured blood vessel leading to massive hemmorage angia pectoris: - ✔✔✔temporary interruption of fuel; "chest pain" apnea: - ✔✔✔respiratory arrest; no longer breathing appendicitis s/s - ✔✔✔early:dull pain at umbilicus; later: RLQ at mcburney point; positive markle test Are open ended or close ended questions better to ask? - ✔✔✔open ended questions; it avoids the yes/no answer arterial bleed: - ✔✔✔spurting, pulsating flow; bright red atherosclerosis: - ✔✔✔buildup of fat and cholesterol; AVPU stands for what? - ✔✔✔alert, verbal, pain, unconciousness basilar skull fracture signs/symptoms: - ✔✔✔raccoon eyes; bruising behind ears; blood and CSF from ears/nose becks triad: - ✔✔✔narrowing pulse pressure; JVD, muffled heart sounds; pulsus pardoxus capillary bleed: - ✔✔✔slow, even flow; dark to intermediate red
cardiognic pulmonary edema: - ✔✔✔LEFT sided heart failure; decreased blood flow increased pressure in pulmonary capillaries; fluid leaks into alveoli cholecystitis: - ✔✔✔inflammation of the gallbladder; Fat, fourty, fertile, farty, female clustur headaches - ✔✔✔have vascular origin; excruciating pain on one side; drooping eyelids common conditions where crackles/rales are present: - ✔✔✔pulmonary edema, pneumonia, CHF common conditions where rhonchi is present: - ✔✔✔pneumonia; aspiration; chronic bronchitis, emphysema common conditions where wheezing is present: - ✔✔✔asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD compartment syndrome: - ✔✔✔pressure in space around the capillaries exceeds the pressure in needed to perfuse the tissues; blood flow is cut off and cells are hypoxic; extremity may feel hard and pulses may be normal complex partial: - ✔✔✔altered mental status; awake but in daze and unaware conditions that must be met before administering nitroglycerin: - ✔✔✔minimum systolic of 9ommhg; heart rate should be between 50-100; max of 3 conscious patient order: - ✔✔✔history, secondary assessment, vital signs contraindications for activated charcoal: - ✔✔✔altered mental status; swallowed acids or alkalis contraindications for oral glucose: - ✔✔✔unconcsious; inability to swallow contraindications of albuterol: - ✔✔✔not responsive enough to use; precautuions when chest pain; hr> contraindications of aspirin: - ✔✔✔allergy; patient with bleeding ulcers/internal bleeding contraindications of nitroglycerin - ✔✔✔systolic lower than 90; cannot take with erectile dysfunciton medications; allergy coupe/contra coupe: - ✔✔✔entire brain shifts forward hitting frontal bone and snapping veins/arteries; anterior and posterior bleeds crackles/rales: - ✔✔✔bubbly osund during inhalation; fluid surrounding or filling the bronchioles/alveoli; base of lungs exhibit first decreased CO2, effect in intracranial pressure - ✔✔✔cerebral vessels constrict; decreasing blood flow
hematochezia signs: - ✔✔✔bright red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the lower GI tract hemmorhagic: - ✔✔✔rupture of an artery that causes bleeding in the brain hemothorax: - ✔✔✔blood in chest; bleeding in pleural space forming a pocket of blood at bases of lung; decreased lung expansion HHNS (type 2) hyperglycemia: - ✔✔✔dehyrdation; some insulin is being produced so some blucose is getting to cells therefore there is no large ketone buildup; NO kussmaul's respirations or fruity breath how do you place a patient that is pregnant: - ✔✔✔place the patient on the left side; this prevents uterus compression how do you treat a chest impalement? - ✔✔✔occlusive dressing on 3 sides how do you treat a neck injury? - ✔✔✔occlusive dressing on 4 sides; consider c collar how many bones are in the cervical spine? - ✔✔✔ 7 hyperglycemia: - ✔✔✔glocose builds up in blood because cannot enter cells fast enough; BGL 200-500 mg/dL; hypoglycemia: - ✔✔✔BGL <50; insulin shot; rapid progression hypoxia vs hypoxemia: - ✔✔✔hypoxia is decreaesd oxygen in tissues/cells; hypoxemia: decreased oxygne in blood stream If a patient is unresponsive with a pulse you: - ✔✔✔ 2 quick rescue breaths then breaths 10-12 every minute if an object is impaled what do you do? - ✔✔✔manually secure; control bleeding and stabilize object increased CO2 affect in intracranial pressure - ✔✔✔cerebral vessels dilate;Increased blood flow increasing ICP causes: - ✔✔✔edema, ischemia, hemmorage indication of nitroglycerin - ✔✔✔cardiac chest pain indications for activated charcoal: - ✔✔✔poison ingested by mouth within two hours time indications for albuterol: - ✔✔✔s/s of dyspnea with bronchoconstriction, wheezing indications for epinephrine: - ✔✔✔hypertension; alterned mentation, breathing problems indications for oral glucose: - ✔✔✔altered mental status; diabetes history; ability to swallow
inidactions of Asprin: - ✔✔✔patient having chest pain; may keep vessels that deliver blood to the heart from completely shutting off; suggestive of a heart attack inspiration: - ✔✔✔active; pressure drops, air is sucked in ischemic chest pain - ✔✔✔constant; not changing with movement or palpation; indication of myociaridal ischemia; causes referred pain bc heart has no sensory nerves ischemic shock: - ✔✔✔when cerebral artery is blocked by clot or foreign matter; CAN recieve fibriniolytic kussmaul sign: - ✔✔✔JDV during inhalation and returns to normal during exhalation; indicates severely increased pressure in chest or around the heart Melena signs: - ✔✔✔dark red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the upper respiratory tract most common vertebrae injuries for elderly: - ✔✔✔C1 and C myocardial ischemia: - ✔✔✔insufficient fuels getting to heart cells; causes irritation neurogenic shock: - ✔✔✔warm, red, dry skin and maybe low BP; caused by injury to thoracic or above; decreased pulse non cardiogenic pulmonary edema: - ✔✔✔destruction of capillary beds; inflammation, alveolar/capillary walls destroyed; fluid moves in and around alvelli PASG contraindications: - ✔✔✔pulmonary edema (absolute); penetrating thoracic, eviseration, pregnancy, impaled abdomen PASG indications: - ✔✔✔pelvic fracture, HYPOtension, pediatric assessment triangle: - ✔✔✔appearance: overall mental status; work of breathing: circulation to skin Pelvic blood loss: - ✔✔✔ 2000 mL pericardial tamponade: - ✔✔✔pericardium does not stretch; bleeding between sac and heart muscle reduces the hearts pumping/filling ability; becks triad peritonitis: - ✔✔✔inflammation of the peritoneum from blood/pus and bacteria that leaked into the cavity; pneumothorax - ✔✔✔rupter of protion of lung where air enteres the pleural cavity; pneumothorax: - ✔✔✔air between pleural linings; lungs cant fully inflate leading to a collapsed lung position of comfort for anphylyactic shock - ✔✔✔modified trendelenburg preeclampsia signs - ✔✔✔high blood pressure; diabetes; blurred vision, headaches, edema
s/s of CHF: - ✔✔✔crackles, rales, rhonchi in airway; high blood pressure; altered mental status; wants to sit upright; s/s of cholecystitis: - ✔✔✔ruq pain/tenderness; radiates to right shoulder; onset after a fatty meel s/s of cyanide poisoning: - ✔✔✔hypoxia at a cellular level; confusion; agitation; burning in mouth; dyspnea; bitter almonds? s/s of cystic fibrosis: - ✔✔✔thick mucus when coughing; gastrointestional complaints; ab pain; malnutrition; malaise; reoccuring cough s/s of depressants: - ✔✔✔decrease hr, bp, rr; depress mental status; cool clammy and pale bc poor perfusion from hypotension s/s of emphysema: - ✔✔✔thin barrel chest; nonproductive cough; pursed lips; pink complexion; tachypnea, tachycardia; tripod position s/s of epiglottis - ✔✔✔dyspnea; fever; sore throat; cyanosis s/s of hyperventilation syndrome - ✔✔✔fatigue nervous dizzy; calcium levels decrease so mucles in hands and feet cramp s/s of hypoglycemia: - ✔✔✔hunger, weakness, salivation, dilated pupils; tachycardia s/s of pancreatis: - ✔✔✔upper quad pain; pain that radiates to the back; mild jaundice s/s of peritonitis: - ✔✔✔abdominal pain; lack of appitite, fever and chills; markle test/heel jar test s/s of pneumonia: - ✔✔✔fever, cough, dyspnea, tachypnea; tachycardia; localized chest pain; shallow respirations; altered mental status s/s of pneumothorax: - ✔✔✔sudden SOB; sharp stabbing pain; decreased breath sounds on ONE side; subcutaneous empheysema s/s of pulmonary edema - ✔✔✔tachycardia; anxiety; tripod; crackles, cyanosis, JVD s/s of pulmonary embolism: - ✔✔✔sudden unexplained dyspnea; localized stabbing sharp chest pain; tachynea; tachycardia; syncope; cool moist skin; anxiety cyanosis; crackles s/s of stimulant drugs: - ✔✔✔dilated pupils; elevated heart rate; agitation/excitation; unresponsiveness to pn s/s of ulcer: - ✔✔✔burning pain; LUQ; hematemis; hematochezia; melena sebecuous glands are found: - ✔✔✔in the dermis layer secondary seizure: - ✔✔✔occur as a result of "insult" to the body seizures are caused by: - ✔✔✔electrical overload of the brain
side effects of epinephrine: - ✔✔✔increased heart rate, pale skin, dizziness, chest pain, headache, nausea, vommiting, anxiousness, excitiability side effects of oral glucose: - ✔✔✔airway obstruciton simple partial: - ✔✔✔will remain concious; stages of alcohol withdrawl: - ✔✔✔tremors; hallucinagens; seizures; delerium tremors (high felever, severe confusion, tachycardia) status seizure - ✔✔✔prolonged seizure that lasts greater than ten minutes; hypoxia is a threat; subcutaneous emphysema: - ✔✔✔collection of air in the subcutaneous layers subdural hematoma: - ✔✔✔below the dura mater; usually from slowly expanding venous bleed; slowly develops over hours to days syncope: - ✔✔✔fainting; usually occurs when a person is standing; place supine tension headaches: - ✔✔✔caused by contraction of muscles of neck/scalp; most common; radiates to neck/shoulders tension pneumothorax: - ✔✔✔hearts pumping ability is diminished; great vessels are bent and blood flow is hindered the five "rights" - ✔✔✔right patient, right medication, right dose, right time, right route of administration thirst is an indicator of what? - ✔✔✔internal bleeding thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection: - ✔✔✔aneuryms: occurs when weakened section of aortic wall begins to dilate; pulsating mass dissection: sharp tearing pain; felt in back flank or arm; NO aspirin thoracic contusions (bruising) - ✔✔✔either bruise to lung; or bruise to heart; AMI like chest pain, arrhythmias and disturbances thrombophillia: - ✔✔✔tendency to develop blood clots thrombus: - ✔✔✔clot forms and blocks off circulation TIA - ✔✔✔transient ischemic attack; same s/s as a stroke patient but can recover completely in 24 hours; not purminant transverse divides the body: - ✔✔✔top and bottom treatment for bronchitis: - ✔✔✔CPAP treatment for crackles rales: - ✔✔✔ppv/bvm/cpap
what does a sphygmonometer measure? - ✔✔✔it measures blood pressure what does alpha 1 receptors do? - ✔✔✔vasoconstricts/shunts blood what does beta 1 receptors do? - ✔✔✔increases HR/contractility What does diastolic blood pressure refer to? - ✔✔✔it refers to the pressure of the vessels during the relaxation phase; bottom of the blood pressure what does DKA cause? - ✔✔✔it causes frequent urination in an attempt to rid the body of excess acid buildup what does left sided heart failure lead to - ✔✔✔pulmonary edema What does nitroglycerin do? - ✔✔✔nitroglycerin dilates the vessels to reduce the hearts preload what does nitroglycerin do? - ✔✔✔vasodilator; drops your preload to help the heart pump; reduces workload; drops blood pressure what does placing a folded towel underneath a childs shoulders do? - ✔✔✔it aids in aligning the childs airway what does right sided heart failure lead to: - ✔✔✔perifpehral edema; JVD; liver enlargement; respiratory distress what does the term lumen refer to in EMS? - ✔✔✔the diameter of a tube what happens if a patient has preeclampsia? - ✔✔✔hypertensive; extremely high blood pressure and swelling in extremeties; susceptible to seizures What happens when someone has a pericardial tamponade? - ✔✔✔low blood pressure; muffled heart sound; weak pulse due to the hearts struggles to pump what hormone is produced by the pancreas: - ✔✔✔insulin what increases sugar levels: - ✔✔✔glucagen and epinephrine what is a normal systolic blood pressure for a child? - ✔✔✔80- what is a pulmonary embolism: - ✔✔✔obstruction of blood flow in the pulmonary arteries leading to hypoxia; blood cannot get to the lungs what is a silent MI - ✔✔✔heart attack; common in women, elderly, diabetics; no chest pain; but yes shortnes of breath, nasuea, lightheadedness and weakness what is an AAA? - ✔✔✔weakened ballooned enlarged area of the wall of the ab. aorta; what is an ischemic stroke? - ✔✔✔blood flow being cut off from part of the brain What is another name for a heart attack? - ✔✔✔acute myocardial infarction
What is arteriosclerosis? - ✔✔✔thickening of arterial walls what is asthma: - ✔✔✔irritatants/allergens causing bronchospasm; swelling of inner airways what is bronchitis: - ✔✔✔inflammation, swelling , thickening of bronchioles, recurrent infections; what is congestive heart failure - ✔✔✔bulidup of fluid in the body resulting from the pump failure of the heart What is considered bradycardic for an adult? - ✔✔✔Heart rate less than 60 What is considered tachycardic for an adult? - ✔✔✔heart rate more than 100 what is contraindicated in a pnemothorax: - ✔✔✔CPAP; you must use a bvm what is cystic fibrosis: - ✔✔✔pulmonary disfunction as well as changes in mucus secreting glands that block airway; what is emphysema - ✔✔✔destruction of alveolar walls which reduce gas exchange what is hyperventilation syndrom - ✔✔✔patient is really excited and breaths faster and deeper What is pericardial tamponade? - ✔✔✔the heart is impeded by fluid in the pericardium what is pneumonia: - ✔✔✔infection of lungs where theres fluid or pus in the alveoli; poor gas exchange what is pulmonary edema: - ✔✔✔patient commonly has cardiac disypfuction there are two types; cardiogenic and non cardiogenic what is the correct treatment for someone undergoing aphyxial cardiac arrest? - ✔✔✔ 5 cycles of CPR prior to retrieving the AED or emergency response system what is the difference between compensatory and decompensatory stages of shock? - ✔✔✔compensatory: normal blood pressure decompensatory: Systemic blood pressure decreases and altered mental status what is the Don Juan Syndrome? - ✔✔✔landing feet first; bilateral heel fractures; ankle fractures; distal tibia/fibula fractures; knee dislocations; femur fractures, hip injuries, spine compression fractures What is the function of the carotid artery? - ✔✔✔it carries blood from the heart to the head what is the most common reason for cardiac arrest in children? - ✔✔✔respiratory arrest what is the normal heart rate for a child - ✔✔✔70-110 beats per minute
When do you change roles during CPR? - ✔✔✔every two minutes When is nitroglycerin not advised to be administered? - ✔✔✔if the systolic blood pressure is less than 100 Where does blood flow after it leaves the left ventricle? - ✔✔✔it flows to the aortic arch
