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Emotion- theory of Robert Plutick, Study notes of Cognitive Psychology

Geetanjali UniversityCognitive Psychology

These are the notes stacked up by myself to understand the topic more effectively.

Typology: Study notes

2020/2021

Available from 09/23/2022

bhumika-prajapati
bhumika-prajapati 🇮🇳

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EMOTION
What is emotion?
Emotion is difficult to define but always consists of feelings, behavior,
physiological change and cognitions
and always occurs in a particular context which influences it.
Its major function is to give information to the individual about their
interaction with the world.
What are the core aspects of emotion?
From an everyday perspective, the core aspects of emotion are to do
with its expression (largely, although not solely, by the face) and its
recognition.
What are the emotions?
There are four or five basic emotions, basic in the sense of being clearly
biologically grounded and important to the evolutionary survival of the
individual.
These are:
anxiety/fear,
sadness,
anger,
happiness/joy and
disgust.
Robert Plutchik created a wheel of emotions in 1980 which consisted of
8 basic emotions and 8 advanced emotions each composed of 2 basic
ones.
Basic emotion Basic opposite
Joy Sadness
Trust Disgust
Fear Anger
Surprise Anticipation
Sadness Joy
Disgust Trust
Anger Fear
Anticipation Surprise
Advanced emotion Composed of... Advanced opposite Optimism
Anticipation + Joy (Disappointment) Love Joy + Trust (
Remorse)
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EMOTION

What is emotion?  Emotion is difficult to define but always consists of feelings, behavior, physiological change and cognitions and always occurs in a particular context which influences it.  Its major function is to give information to the individual about their interaction with the world. What are the core aspects of emotion?  From an everyday perspective, the core aspects of emotion are to do with its expression (largely, although not solely, by the face) and its recognition. What are the emotions?  There are four or five basic emotions, basic in the sense of being clearly biologically grounded and important to the evolutionary survival of the individual.  These are:  anxiety/fear,  sadness,  anger,  happiness/joy and  disgust. Robert Plutchik created a wheel of emotions in 1980 which consisted of 8 basic emotions and 8 advanced emotions each composed of 2 basic ones. Basic emotion Basic opposite Joy Sadness Trust Disgust Fear Anger Surprise Anticipation Sadness Joy Disgust Trust Anger Fear Anticipation Surprise Advanced emotion Composed of... Advanced opposite Optimism Anticipation + Joy (Disappointment) Love Joy + Trust ( Remorse)

Submission Trust + Fear (Contempt ) Awe Fear + Surprise (Aggressiveness) Disappointment Surprise + Sadness (Optimism) Remorse Sadness + Disgust (Love) Contempt Disgust + Anger (Submission) Aggressiveness Anger + Anticipation (Awe) In his book, 'Emotion - A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis', Robert Plutchik describes ten postulates on which his evolutionary perspective on emotions are based. Here are some notes on these.

1. Animals and Humans Animals, particularly mammals, experience emotions in the same way as humans and experience the same basic emotions. Our mid-brain structures in which emotions are created are very similar. It is only the 'crinkly-walnut' cortex that is more developed in humans for the use of language and advanced cognitive processing. 2. Evolutionary History Emotions appeared through the processes evolution. They appeared in the animal chain long before the apes evolved and humans from these. Emotions evolved because they are useful, or at least were useful along the way and have not become so troublesome since that they prevent us from growing and procreating. 3. Survival Issues A key force in evolution is natural selection. The basic rules of evolution are that physiological changes are constantly being made in order to find better ways for children to survive until adulthood so they can have (and protect) children of their own. If a species cannot do this consistently, then it will become extinct. Emotions evolved to help us survive and can be traced to this purpose. Man's recent (in evolutionary terms) development of civilized society has led some emotions to be less than helpful. Even now, the evolutionary survival effect can be seen in the ways that people who are emotionally troubled are less likely to find mates. Hence:  Trust leads to tribal sharing and collaboration

7. Hypothetical Constructs It is recognized that emotions are themselves constructs, or ideas that are created to describe experiences. Primary emotions are themselves particularly idealized states which can be described in terms of specific properties and characteristics. These descriptions are based on various kinds of evidence. 8. Opposites Emotions have polar opposites. In Plutchiks' eight primary emotions:  Sadness is the opposite of Joy  Trust is the opposite of Disgust  Fear is the opposite of Anger  Surprise is the opposite of Anticipation Opposites use the principle of contrast to help create meaning. Hence if you have black then you must have white to show what 'not black' is. Likewise if you have an up then you must have a down, and so on. And if you have happiness ('joy' in Plutchik's terminology), then you must have sadness so you can know when you are not happy. 9. Similarity Emotions vary in the degree of similarity to one another. Some are quite similar whilst others are quite different. Similar emotions form families or groups, for example contempt, disgust, aversion and loathing. 10. Intensity Each emotion has differing degrees of intensity, ranging from very light to very intense. Hence:  Trust goes from acceptance to admiration  Fear goes from timidity to terror  Surprise goes from uncertainty to amazement  Sadness goes from gloominess to grief  Disgust goes from dislike to loathing  Anger goes from annoyance to fury  Anticipation goes from interest to vigilance  Joy goes from serenity to ecstasy