Emerging Diseases - Applied Microbiology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Microbiology

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Emerging

and

Re

‐Emerging

Diseases

Overview

1.^

Importance

2.^

Definitions

3.^

Contributing Factors

4.^

Public Health Response

-^

Contemporary Problems

-^

Solutions

5.^

SARS Case Study

Contemporary Relevance

SARS (2003)

SARS

coronavirus

Avian Influenza (2009)

H5N1 influenza A virus Swine Influenza (2010)

H1N1 influenza A virus

World Disease Burden

365 000 000

years

of human life lost

in one year

!^ - WHO

Emerging Diseases

A disease that has appeared for the first time within apopulation or geographic area.^ •^

Or existed previously but is increasing in incidence or prevalence

HIV

Incidence

&^ Prevalence

in^

USA

Re-emerging Diseases

A^

disease

thought

to

have

been

effectively

controlled

or

eradicated

but

has

recently

resurged

as

health

care

problem.

Tuberculosis Mycobacterium

tuberculosis

Factors Contributing to Emergence^ •

Agent • Host • Environment • Zoonosis

Infectious

Agent

•^

Evolution – agent adaptation & alteration ^

Drug Resistance o^

Overuse of antibiotics o^

Improper use of antibiotics by patients o^

Use on animals –^

Increase food production

-^

Veterinary purposes

^

Pesticide Resistance

•^

Behavioural^ ^

Increased frequency of international travel

e.g. SARS ^

Changes in food production^ o

Increased meat demand

•^

Compromised immune systems^ ^

Intentional^ o

Organ transplants o Bone marrow transplants o Auto-immune disease treatments ^

Unintended^ o

HIV o Chemotherapy o Lupus

Environment

•^

Changing Climate

-^

Economic development^ 

Urbanization

o^ Increased human-to-human contact ^ Deforestation

o^ Increased animal-to-human contact

•^

Inadequate Disease Surveillance Systems^ 

Lack of funding  Poor prioritization of funds

o^ Curative care spending >> Preventative care spending ^ Limited access to adequate health care

o^ Poor & malnourished very susceptible to disease

Video

Zoonosis

Transmission of disease from animals to humans.^ •^ 67% of emerging diseases tracedto animal origins^ •^ Contact with both wildand domestic animals

Pets more common Exotic pets not uncommon

-^

Increased meat consumption^ ^

Infectious agents: trans-species capable^ o

Animals physiologically analogous to humans (swine) ^

More contact with animals destined for food^ o

Opportunistic infections by agents native to animals(poultry, cattle & swine) ^

Ingestion of contaminated meats