Effect of Omega 3 fatty acids on mental health of human, Summaries of Food science

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Pennington Biomedical

Research Center

Division of Education

Heli J. Roy, PhD Shanna Lundy, BS Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director

Information:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

• Omega-3 FA’s are polyunsaturated, meaning they contain more than one double bond
• (^) They are called omega-3 because the first double bond counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid is located at the third carbon atom

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

• Scientific abbreviation is 18:3n-
• (^) The first part (18:3) suggests that ALA is an 18-carbon fatty acid with 3 double bonds
• (^) The second part (n-3) tells you that ALA is an omega-3 fatty acid
• (^) It is required for health, but cannot be synthesized in humans
• Must be obtained from the diet

Alpha-linolenic Acid

• Humans can synthesize other omega-3 fatty acids from ALA:
• (^) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): 20:5n-
• (^) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): 22:6n-
• (^) These two are usually referred to as marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids because they are abundant in certain species of fish
• Whereas, ALA is considered a plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid

Alpha-linolenic acid: Sources

Food Serving Alpha-linolenic acid (g)

Flaxseed oil

1 tablespoon (^) 8.

Walnuts, English

1 ounce (^) 2.

Flaxseeds

1 tablespoon (^) 2.

Walnut Oil

1 tablespoon (^) 1.

Canola Oil

1 tablespoon (^) 1.

Mustard Oil

1 tablespoon (^) 0.

Soybean Oil

1 tablespoon (^) 0.

Walnuts, Black

1 ounce (^) 0.

Olive Oil

1 tablespoon (^) 0.

Broccoli, raw

1 cup, chopped (^) 0.

Food (^) Serving EPA (g) DHA (g) Amt providing 1 g of EPA + DHA Herring, Pacific, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) 1.06 .75 1.5 ounces Salmon, chinook, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) .86 .62 2 ounces Salmon, Atlantic, cooked (^) 3 ounces .28 .95 2.5 ounces Oysters, Pacific, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) .75 .43 2.5 ounces Salmon, sockeye, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) .45 .60 3 ounces Trout, rainbow, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) .40 .44 3.5 ounces Tuna, white, packed in water 3 ounces (^) .20 .54 4 ounces Crab, dungeness, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) .24 .10 9 ounces Shrimp, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) .15 .12 11 ounces Cod, Pacific, cooked (^) 3 ounces (^) .09 .15 12.5 ounces Fish oil, menhaden (^) 1 gram (^) .13 .09 5 grams Fish oil, salmon (^) 1 gram (^) .13 .18 3 grams EPA and DHA: Sources

Disease Prevention:

Impaired Visual and Neural Development

• (^) Because the last trimester of pregnancy is a critical period for the accumulation of DHA in the brain and retina, preterm infants are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of insufficient DHA on visual and neural development
• (^) Although preterm infants can synthesize DHA from ALA, they can’t synthesize enough to prevent declines in plasma and cellular DHA levels without additional dietary intake
• Preterm infants fed formulas with DHA added had significantly improved measures of visual function compared to preterm infants fed DHA-free formulas in 5 out of 5 randomized controlled trials

Fish Consumption

And Coronary Heart Disease

• (^) One study followed 1,822 men for 30 years and found that mortality from CHD was 38% lower in men who consumed an average of at least 35 g (1.2 ounces) of fish daily than in men who did not eat fish, while mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) was 67% lower

CHD Treatment

• Results of randomized controlled trials in individuals with documented coronary heart disease suggest a beneficial effect of dietary and supplemental omega-3 fatty acids
• (^) Therefore, the American Heart Association has recommended that individuals with documented CHD consume 1 g/d of EPA and DHA combined

Fish Consumption

And Sudden Cardiac Death

• (^) Several studies have found inverse relationships between fish consumption and sudden cardiac death
• (^) In a prospective study, omega-3 fatty acid intakes equivalent to two fatty fish meals per week were associated with a 50% decrease in the risk of primary cardiac arrest
• (^) Plasma levels of EPA and DHA were found to be inversely related to the risk of sudden death, supporting the idea that omega-3 fatty acids are at least partially responsible for the beneficial effect of fish consumption and sudden cardiac death

Cancer

• (^) Marine-derived fatty acids have been found to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in breast, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines cultured outside the body
• (^) Studies in animal models of cancer also indicate that increased intake of EPA and DHA decreases the occurrence and progression of mammary, prostate, and intestinal tumors
• (^) However, in humans few have demonstrated significant inverse relationships between fish or omega-3 fatty acid intake and the risk for breast, prostate, or colorectal cancers

Diabetes Mellitus

• (^) Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in individuals with diabetes
• (^) Hypertriglyceridemia (fasting serum TG of 200 mg/dl or higher) is a common lipid abnormality in individuals with Type 2 diabetes
• (^) A number of randomized controlled trials have found that fish oil supplementation significantly lowers serum triglyceride levels in diabetic individuals

Inflammatory Diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common systemic inflammatory rheumatic (joint) disease
• (^) Studies have been conducted to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on rheumatoid arthritis
• (^) Clinical benefits were observed at a minimum dose of 3 g/day of EPA + DHA, and were not apparent until at least 12 weeks of supplementation

Inflammatory Diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis

• (^) Some investigators report that patients taking omega-3 fatty acid supplementation were able to lower their doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), but not all findings on this issue were consistent