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EBIO 1210 Test 1 Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts in Biological Macromolecules and Membranes, Exams of Biology

Oxford House CollegeBiology

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts related to biological macromolecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It delves into the structure, function, and properties of these molecules, emphasizing their importance in biological processes. The guide also explores the structure and function of cell membranes, focusing on the role of phospholipids and cholesterol in maintaining membrane fluidity and permeability. It includes numerous questions and answers to reinforce understanding and prepare for exams.

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2024/2025

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EBIO 1210 Test 1
Exam Study Guide Latest Updated
2025/2026.
100% Certified by Expert.
What do all biologically important large molecules have in common? - ansThey are based on
Carbon (C bonds with up to four partners, facilitating the formation of large molecules)
They are constructed from small building blocks
What are the building blocks of lipids? - ansFatty acids
Building blocks of Nucleic acids? - ansDNA & RNA (built from nucleotides)
Building blocks of Proteins? - ansAmino acids
Building blocks of Large Carbohydrates? - ansPolysaccharides (from the simplest sugars-
monosaccharides)
The 3 classes of lipids and their functions: - ans1. Fats- store energy
2. Phospholipids- Form biological membranes
3. Steroids- Act as hormones/ regulate genes
Building Blocks of a Fat - ansGlycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
A saturated fatty acid is saturated with the maximal number of: - ansHydrogen atoms and C-
H bonds
Predict the result(s) of removing hydrogen
atoms from the fatty acid tails of a saturated fat: - ansThe number of carbon-carbon (C=C)
double
bonds in the fat molecule increases.
The fat becomes more fluid
C-H bond has features that are
essential for life: - ans(1) serves as an energy source
(2) does not mix with water &
serves as a barrier around
cells to keep certain
substances in or out
What do all of the energy-rich substances (methane, hydrocarbon, hydrogen gas ) have in
common? - ansThey all contain electrons loosely held between two partner atoms
*** C-H bonds provide energy... but hydrogen has no carbon, so this cannot be the answer
What do the two low-energy products CO2 and H2O have in common? - ansThey both
contain electrons tightly held by one of the partner atoms.
They both contain oxygen
What kind of energy state do substances with loosely held electrons have? - ansHigh potential
energy state = unstable, reactive
What kind of energy state do substances with tightly held electrons have? - ansLow potential
energy state = stable, not reactive
What potential energy to Nonpolar Covalent Bonds have? - ansHigh chemical potential
energy- reactive!
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What do all biologically important large molecules have in common? - ansThey are based on Carbon (C bonds with up to four partners, facilitating the formation of large molecules) They are constructed from small building blocks What are the building blocks of lipids? - ansFatty acids Building blocks of Nucleic acids? - ansDNA & RNA (built from nucleotides) Building blocks of Proteins? - ansAmino acids Building blocks of Large Carbohydrates? - ansPolysaccharides (from the simplest sugars- monosaccharides) The 3 classes of lipids and their functions: - ans1. Fats- store energy

  1. Phospholipids- Form biological membranes
  2. Steroids- Act as hormones/ regulate genes Building Blocks of a Fat - ansGlycerol + 3 fatty acid chains A saturated fatty acid is saturated with the maximal number of: - ansHydrogen atoms and C- H bonds Predict the result(s) of removing hydrogen atoms from the fatty acid tails of a saturated fat: - ansThe number of carbon-carbon (C=C) double bonds in the fat molecule increases. The fat becomes more fluid C-H bond has features that are essential for life: - ans(1) serves as an energy source (2) does not mix with water & serves as a barrier around cells to keep certain substances in or out What do all of the energy-rich substances (methane, hydrocarbon, hydrogen gas ) have in common? - ansThey all contain electrons loosely held between two partner atoms *** C-H bonds provide energy... but hydrogen has no carbon, so this cannot be the answer What do the two low-energy products CO2 and H2O have in common? - ansThey both contain electrons tightly held by one of the partner atoms. They both contain oxygen What kind of energy state do substances with loosely held electrons have? - ansHigh potential energy state = unstable, reactive What kind of energy state do substances with tightly held electrons have? - ansLow potential energy state = stable, not reactive What potential energy to Nonpolar Covalent Bonds have? - ansHigh chemical potential energy- reactive!

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What potential energy to Polar covalent bonds have? - ansLow chemical potential energy- stable! Which releases more energy... Burning a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid - ansSaturated.... only needs a nudge The C=C bond is stronger and costs more energy to break than C-H Which fat has the SECOND greatest number of C-H bonds? Each fatty acid chain has 18 carbon atoms. A) a fat containing only monounsaturated fatty acids B) a fat containing 1 saturated fatty acid and 2 monounsaturated fatty acids C) a fat containing only saturated fatty acids D) a fat containing 2 saturated fatty acids and 1 monounsaturated fatty acid - ansD) saturated C-H bonds are more abundant than the 1 C=C bond in the monounsaturated How are large molecules formed? - ansDehydration Synthesis- Large molecules are formed from monomers by removing water:

  • H from one end &
  • OH from the other How are large molecules broken down? - ansHydrolysis- Large molecules are broken down by adding water. Predict how many molecules of water are needed to completely break down a fat into its monomers? - ans A fat is a TRIglyceride = 3 fatty acid bonds.... need a water molecule to break EACH bond Predict how many molecules of water are needed to completely break down a polymer consisting of 20 monomers: - ans Always one less molecule than there are monomers Picture the beginning synthesis of a polymer made of the following kind of monomers. Each monomer contains 2 carbon (C) atoms, 6 hydrogen (H) atoms, and 1 oxygen (O) atom; each monomer has the formula C2H6O. What is the formula of the molecule formed after connecting three of these monomers? - ansC6H14O This type of bond forms water molecules, based on the electrical attraction between opposite partial electrical charges - ansHydrogen bonds Four of the five features below are characteristics of C-H bonds. Which is not?

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There is a more balanced ratio of O-H bonds with C-H bonds.... This provides enough "stickiness" for B5 and water to attract Vitamins A, E, and C? - ansA- hydrophobic E- hydrophobic C- hydrophilic What is an ionic bond? - ansTransfer of electrons (between atoms with the largest differences in electronegativity) (atoms have full charge) Are molecules with ionic bonds hydrophobic or hydrophilic? - ansCharge = Hydrophilic Which lipid has the highest energy content? All have 18 carbon atoms in each of their fatty acid chains. A) a fat containing only saturated fatty acids B) a phospholipid containing only saturated fatty acids - ansA...

  • Saturated fatty acids have 3 chains
  • Phospholipids only have 2 chains Which lipid has the lowest number of C-H bonds? All have 18 carbon atoms in each of their fatty acid chains. A) a fat containing only monounsaturated fatty acids B) a fat containing only saturated fatty acids C) a phospholipid containing only monounsaturated fatty acids D) a phospholipid containing only saturated fatty acids - ansC... Only 2 chains What are the building blocks of a steroid? - ans4 Carbon-Hydrogen rings What are the three classes of lipids? - ans1. Fats
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Steroids What is the Precursor in synthesis of steroid hormones: Sex hormones & steroid stress hormones? - ansCholesterol What class of lipids are the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone? - ansCholesterol Key Function of Membranes: - ansBring in food & building blocks; eliminate waste; keep out unwanted materials What forms the basic membrane structure? - ansThe phospholipid bilayer.... its hydrophobic core is impenetrable to most molecules (to all polar/charged molecules) At ____ temperature, membrane can become too fluid (= leaky); at ____ temperature, membrane can lose fluidity and become too rigid. A) cold; hot B) cold; even colder

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C) hot; cold D) hot; even hotter - ansC... hot = too fluid and cold = too rigid Organisms either invest energy to maintain a constant body temperature (mammals) or invest energy to increase or decrease fluidity as needed (microbes, plants, non-regulating animals) Predict: How can the cell increase the fluidity of its membranes? A) replace phospholipids with fats B) increase the length of fatty acids in the phospholipids C) increase the number of unsaturated fatty acids D) increase the number of saturated fatty acids - ansC.... More unsaturated = More fluidity Predict which type of fatty acid should be abundant in membranes of plants and microbes in cold environments. Fatty acids that are A) solid at cold temperature. B) fluid at cold temperature. - ansB) Fluid Predict which type of fatty acid should be abundant in the membrane phospholipids of plants and microbes from hot environments: A) saturated B) monounsaturated (with one C=C) C) polyunsaturated (with more than one C=C) - ansA) Saturated Predict which type of fatty acid should offer the greatest benefit for membranes of plants and microbes in the coldest places on Earth: A) saturated B) monounsaturated (with one C=C) C) polyunsaturated (with more than one C=C) - ansC) Polyunsaturated Temperate zone: Walnuts, canola oil Mediterranean zone: Olive oil Tropical zone: Palm oil, coconut oil, macadamia nuts Q22. Predict what should be a source of polyunsaturated fat (with more than one C=C) A) Walnuts and canola oil B) Olive oil C) Palm and coconut oil; macadamia nuts - ansA) Walnuts & canola oil in colder climates will have more polyunsaturated Role of cholesterol in animal membranes: - ansTemperature buffer How does cholesterol act as a temperature buffer? - ans• Prevents hydrophobic chains from packing too closely together: increases fluidity at low temperatures

  • Limits lateral phospholipid movement & stabilizes

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  • Predict when (ATP) energy is needed for movement: When substances move from high to low concentration, i.e., along their concentration gradient? ___ When substances are moved from low to high - ans-Nonpolar, hydrophobic.... no protein needed
  • Polar, hydrophilic.... protein needed
  • High to low... No ATP needed (passive transport)
  • Low to high... ATP needed (active transport) Three of the following movements across the cell membrane require a membrane-spanning protein (either a protein facilitating diffusion or an energy-driven protein pump). Which does NOT require a membrane-spanning protein? Movement of A) hydrophilic fructose along its concentration gradient. B) a steroid from high to low concentration. C) H2O from high to low concentration. D) Na+ from low to high concentration - ansB) Steroid is the only hydrophobic Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion are examples of what? - ansPassive transport Facilitated diffusion of water through membranes via aquaporin proteins - ansOsmosis What provides the energy for facilitated downhill diffusion of the hydrophilic sugar fructose? A) the potential energy contained in the concentration gradient of the fructose B) the transport protein C) the potential chemical energy contained in C-H bonds of the sugar - ansA) No energy is required because it is going "downhill" What are two examples of Active Transport? - ans1. Sodium-Potassium Pump
  1. CA2+ pump of muscles cells What energizes these pumps? - ansATP via phosphorylation Phosphorylation of the sodium/potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump) energizes uphill transport of what? A) 1 Na+ and 1 K+ are pumped uphill B) only Na+ is pumped uphill C) only K+ is pumped uphill D) 3 Na+ and 2 K+ are pumped uphill E) 3 Na+ and 3 K+ are pumped uphill - ansD) What are the 3 types of work that require energy provided by ATP? - ans1. Mechanical- motor molecules (muscles, vesicles)
  2. Transport- Pumps in brain, heart, and muslces
  3. Chemical- Synthesizing life's large molecules What energizes ATP?

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A) The phosphate groups add many bonds with tightly held electrons. B) Each phosphate group adds more negative charges that attract each other. C) Each phosphate group adds more negative charges that repel each other. - ansC)

  • Can't be A because bonds with tight electrons are very stable... not reactive or energy rich
  • When charges are the same, they repel each other (like a magnet).... pops off a phosphate group and gives it to a different molecule Predict the properties of an excellent donor of an energized P group: The donor must A) hang on tightly to the P group. B) be "eager" to get rid of the P group. C) be a molecule to which a P group can be added without the input of energy. D) A and C E) B and C - ansB) If it's gonna be a good donor, it must be eager to get rid of a phosphate group.... willing to USE ENERGY to get rid of it ****Loading from low to high potential energy requires energy input Which of the following statement(s) regarding ATP is/are correct? A) ATP serves as a main energy carrier inside cells. B) In the cell, ATP drives reactions that require energy by the transfer of a phosphate group to specific reactants. C) The regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate is a reaction that requires energy. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C - ansE) All of them (= ultrafast electric signal) travels along axon as the basis for nerve function - ansAction potential A stimulus opens Na+ channels. Predict what happens: A) Na+ rushes out of the cell and the original electrical gradient increases (cell becomes more positive on the outside). B) Na+ rushes into the cell and the original electrical gradient is reversed (cell becomes more positive on the inside). - ansB) Goes DOWN its concentration gradient The positive charge on the inside causes K+ channels to open "behind" the action potential. Predict what will happen: A) K+ rushes out of the cell and the original electrical gradient starts to reestablish. B) K+ rushes into the cell and the electrical gradient remains reversed. - ansA) DOWN its concentration gradient This pump is ESSENTIAL for nerve impulses... Proper functioning of which pump is thus critical for mental health and learning? - ansThe sodium-potassium pump

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Four of the following statements accurately describe how various living organisms keep their membranes at an appropriate fluidity to function. Which statement is FALSE? A) Mammals invest energy to regulate body temperature. B) Humans must acquire fatty acids essential for optimal membrane protein function with the diet. C) All organisms are capable of synthesizing all fatty acids they require for optimal membrane protein function. D) Cholesterol optimizes membrane fluidity of mammals. E) Plants alter the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids. - ansC... Humans need fatty acids from diet! We cannot synthesize them all. The sugar glucose is hydrophilic. What is needed to move glucose from the gut into intestinal cells after a sugar-rich meal? A) a membrane protein and ATP B) no membrane protein and no ATP C) a membrane protein, but no ATP D) no membrane protein, but ATP - ansC) It's hydrophilic so it needs a membrane. However, it is going from high to low concentration so no ATP is needed. What are genes? - ansThey contain hereditary information What information do genes pass on? - ansBlueprints for making the all-important proteins Name the four levels of protein structure and their corresponding shapes: - ans1. Primary = Amino acid sequence

  1. Secondary = Curling or pleating
  2. Tertiary = Folding (**Becomes 3-D)
  3. Quaternary = Two or more subunits Identify the sequence of information flow from DNA to RNA to proteins - ans1. Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus
  4. Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore
  5. Synthesis of protein How is hemoglobin altered to become sickle cell? - ansIt is altered in its primary structure. One single amino acid is substituted..... Creates an exposed nonpolar hydrophobic side chain True or False? Altering the primary structure of a protein always changes its function. A) True B) False - ansFalse.... Sometimes alterations don't change the shape and function Predict at which structural level(s) one can alter the function of a protein: A) only primary B) only secondary C) only tertiary D) only quaternary E) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary - ansE) All of them Site of protein synthesis in the cell - ansRibosome

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Free ribosomes, floating in cytoplasm, make proteins for use in same or different cell. - ansSame These make proteins like insulin for export from the cell - ansBound ribosomes Ribosomes are bound to this to make proteins for export from the cell - ansEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Proteins for secretion need to be wrapped in _______ - ansMembrane vesicles Place the components of the endomembrane system into a functional sequence: (example: insulin) - ans1. DNA for insulin copied into mRNA and exported from nucleus

  1. Insulin synthesized by ribosomes on rough ER
  2. Insulin protein packaged into transport vesicles and transferred to near side of Golgi apparatus
  3. Transport vesicles fuse to form first flat sacks of Golgi apparatus
  4. Processed in Golgi apparatus into a mature protein
  5. Packaged into transport vesicles at opposite side of Golgi apparatus and transported to plasma membrane
  6. Exocytosis: Fusion of vesicle with the plasma (outer cell) membrane
  7. Insulin travels through the bloodstream and triggers sugar uptake by a target organ Where is DNA copied into mRNA during protein synthesis - ansCell nucleus Where are proteins for export synthesized? - ansBound ribosomes on the rough ER Where are proteins processed for maturity? - ansGolgi apparatus This is the fusion of transport vesicle with the plasma membrane - ansExocytosis Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis - ans-Endocytosis: substance is being ingested
  • Exocytosis: substance is being explorted How are transport vesicles moved without going astray? - ansThey go along "tracks" of cytoskeleton.... A motor protein powered by ATP moves along a microtubule track of cytoskeleton Smooth ER synthesizes: A) Steroid hormones B) Protein hormones - ansA) Steroid hormones Rough ER synthesizes: A) Steroid hormones B) Protein hormones - ansB) Protein hormones In what type of cells do you expect to find a particularly high level of rough ER? A) pancreas cells (produce insulin) B) testes (produce testosterone) C) fat cells (produce the protein hormone leptin) D) A and C E) A, B, and C - ansD) Insulin is a protein and fat cells produce a protein.... Thus rough ER Where would you expect to find a particularly high level of smooth ER? - ansOvaries and testes (produce estrogen and testosterone, both steroid (sex hormones)

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saturated and omega-6 fatty acids are bad. C) The human body adjusts its fatty acid composition by synthesizing those fatty acids that are in low supply. D) All fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated, omega-3 and omega-6) have essential roles in humans. E) Fish oil is the only source of omega-3 fatty acids. - ansD) They all have essential roles.... We just need BALANCE