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The four major classes of lifes large biological molecules do NOT include nucleic acids. amino acids. proteins. lipids. polysaccharides. - ansamino acids Lifes large molecules all share the following properties except a complex three-dimensional structure. being quick and easy to assemble. being quick and easy to break down. being based mainly on oxygen. being constructed from small building blocks. - ansbeing based mainly on oxygen All large biological molecules are based on
- carbon atoms because carbon readily shares four electron pairs with other carbon atoms, and can thus form large, complex structures.
- carbon atoms because C-H bonds are nonpolar.
- oxygen atoms because oxygen has a strong attraction for electrons.
- oxygen atoms because the O-H bond is polar and thus allows for hydrogen bonds to form that can contribute to the formation of large conglomerates. - anscarbon atoms because carbon readily shares four electron pairs with other carbon atoms, and can thus form large, complex structures. Which of the three options below correctly describe the advantages of constructing lifes large molecules from small building blocks. Option 1: A no-longer-needed molecule can be broken down and a different one constructed from the same building blocks. Option 2: A great variety of large molecules can be constructed from a small number of building blocks. Option 3: An animal can eat a plant, break down the plants large molecules to its building blocks and use these to construct its own large molecules. Options 1, 2, and 3 Only option 1 and 2 Only option 1 Only option 2 Only option 3 - ansOptions 1, 2, and 3 Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats? lard beef fat olive oil butter a fat that is solid at room temperature - ansolive oil Four of the five options below finish the sentence in a way that results in a true statement. Find the one that results in a false statement. A fatty acid tail contains lots and lots of C-C bonds C-H bonds bonds with tightly held electrons
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bonds with loosely held electrons energy - ansbonds with tightly held electrons What causes kinks in fatty acids? C=C double bonds C-H bonds C=O double bonds C-C bonds O-H bonds - ansC=C double bonds What is the total number of H atoms (white balls) in the saturated (C18:0) fatty acid and the monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1), respectively, depicted in our lecture PPT.
- The saturated fatty acid has 34 H atoms; the monounsaturated fatty acid has 36 H atoms
- The saturated fatty acid has 36 H atoms; the monounsaturated fatty acid has 34 H atoms
- Both fatty acids have 34 H atoms
- Both fatty acids have 36 H atoms - ansThe saturated fatty acid has 36 H atoms; the monounsaturated fatty acid has 34 H atoms A polyunsaturated fatty acid with four C=C bonds has how many hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated fatty acid with the same number of carbon atoms? While the number of C=C bonds is different, the number of H atoms is the same. 8 less 8 more 4 less 4 more - ans8 less What results from the removal of hydrogen atoms from the fatty acid tails of saturated fat?
- An increase in the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the fat molecules.
- A decrease in the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the fat molecules.
- The fat becomes more solid.
- A decrease in the number of bends, or kinks, in the fatty acid tails.
- Burning of the fat with fewer hydrogen atoms will release more energy. - ansAn increase in the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the fat molecules. Four of the five features below are characteristics of C-H bonds. Which option below is not. nonpolar high chemical potential energy relatively low stability low chemical potential energy can be burned to carbon dioxide and water - anslow chemical potential energy The burning of natural gas (methane) releases energy because
- methane contains tightly held electrons.
- carbon dioxide and water contain loosely held electrons. bonds with loosely held electrons are converted to bonds with tightly held electrons.
- polar covalent bonds are converted to nonpolar covalent bonds.
- C=O and O-H bonds are converted to C-H bonds. - ansbonds with loosely held electrons are converted to bonds with tightly held electrons.
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hydrolysis; dehydration removal of a water molecule; addition of a water molecule addition of a water molecule; removal of a water molecule hydrolysis; removal of a water molecule - ansremoval of a water molecule; addition of a water molecule Predict how many molecules of water are needed to COMPLETELY breakdown a polymer consisting of five monomers. two three four five six - ansfour Hydrophilic molecules are readily soluble in fat. do not mix with water. are water-soluble. can only have polar regions but cannot have a full electrical charge. have no attraction for water molecules. - ansare water-soluble. Fill in the blanks: The polarity of water molecules results in _______ bonds between water molecules, and make a water molecule stick to any molecules with _______ bonds or _________ regions. ionic; polar covalent; charged nonpolar; nonpolar covalent; charged hydrogen; polar covalent; charged hydrogen; nonpolar covalent; charged polar covalent; hydrophilic; hydrophobic - anshydrogen; polar covalent; charged In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are
- completely transferred from one atom to the other.
- loosely held between the two atoms forming the bond.
- tightly held by one of the atoms forming the bond.
- equally attracted by both atoms forming the bond.
- equally shared between the two atoms forming the bond. - anstightly held by one of the atoms forming the bond. An example for a nonpolar covalent bond is the C-H bond. the O-H bond. the C=O bond. the bond between Na+ and Cl-. the bond that forms between two different water molecules. - ansthe C-H bond. Predict with which partner an oxygen atom (O) will most likely form a nonpolar covalent bond.
- with a hydrogen (H) atom
- with a carbon (C) atom
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- with another oxygen (O) atom
- with an atom that attracts electrons more strongly (is more electronegative) than O
- with an atom that attracts electrons less strongly (is less electronegative) than O - answith another oxygen (O) atom Carbon dioxide and water share four of the following properties. Which is NOT a feature shared by these two molecules? low reactivity low stability polar covalent bonds low chemical potential energy formed when hydrocarbons are burned with oxygen - anslow stability True or false? Substances with a sufficient number of groups with either partial electrical charges or full electrical charges relative to the size of the molecule should dissolve in water. True False - ansTrue Judging from the structure given in our lecture PPT, the molecule of Vitamin D2 is water-soluble (hydrophilic). fat-soluble (hydrophobic). - ansfat-soluble (hydrophobic). Judging from the structure given in our lecture PPT, the molecule of Vitamin E overall is water-soluble (hydrophilic). fat-soluble (hydrophobic). - ansfat-soluble (hydrophobic). Judging from the structure given in our lecture PPT, the molecule of Vitamin C is water-soluble (hydrophilic). fat-soluble (hydrophobic). - answater-soluble (hydrophilic). Judging from the structure given in our lecture PPT, the molecule of Vitamin A is water-soluble (hydrophilic). fat-soluble (hydrophobic). - ansfat-soluble (hydrophobic). True or false? Molecules made exclusively from atoms that have an identical or similar attraction for electrons cannot be polar. True False - ansTrue Predict: To make a new water-insoluble drug water-soluble (to be easier to take up in your digestive system), a chemist would need to add groups with bonds between atoms that have the same attraction for electrons. have a similar attraction for electrons. have a different attraction for electrons. - anshave a different attraction for electrons. Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with a similar, or the same, degree to which they attract electrons. an intermediate difference in the degree to which they attract electrons. the largest difference in the degree to which they attract electrons. - ansan intermediate difference in the degree to which they attract electrons. Non-polar covalent bonds form between atoms with a similar, or the same, degree to which they attract electrons.
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estrogen and testosterone, steroid stress hormones, but not fats - ansestrogen and testosterone, steroid stress hormones, but not fats Which of the following has the lowest energy content? a fat consisting of saturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms each a phospholipid consisting of saturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms each a fat consisting of monounsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbons each - ansa phospholipid consisting of saturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms each The role of the phospholipid bilayer component of the cell membrane is to provide passageways for hydrophilic substances that need to be moved into, or out of, cells. provide selective and controllable passageways. provide a rather impenetrable barrier around the cell. - ansprovide a rather impenetrable barrier around the cell. Two of the following three functions are fulfilled by the membrane-spanning proteins in biological membranes. Which of the following is NOT one of those functions? Providing passageways for hydrophilic substances that need to be moved into, or out of, the cell. Providing selective and controllable passageways. Providing a rather impenetrable barrier around the cell. - ansProviding a rather impenetrable barrier around the cell. When is a protein needed for movement across membranes? When the moving substance is
- hydrophobic and moving either from a lower to higher concentration or moving from a higher to lower concentration.
- hydrophilic and moving either from a lower to higher concentration or moving from a higher to lower concentration.
- hydrophilic and moving from a lower to higher concentration, but not when moving from a higher to lower concentration.
- hydrophobic and only moving from a higher to lower concentration. - anshydrophilic and moving either from a lower to higher concentration or moving from a higher to lower concentration. In order to fulfill their function in moving hydrophilic substances from one side of the membrane to the other, transport proteins need to span across the entire membrane. have hydrophobic top and bottom portions. have hydrophobic interior channels. form a layer on the surface of the membrane without spanning the membrane. - ansspan across the entire membrane. In facilitated diffusion of ANY substance, what is the role of the transport protein?
- Transport proteins organize the phospholipids such as to allow the solute to move directly through the lipid bilayer.
- Transport proteins only provide a channel for water molecules to cross the membrane.
- Transport proteins provide a site for interaction with ATP, which facilitates the movement of the substance across the membrane.
- Transport proteins provide a hydrophilic route for the substance to cross the membrane.
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- Transport proteins provide the energy for diffusion of the substance. - ansTransport proteins provide a hydrophilic route for the substance to cross the membrane. The energy for facilitated diffusion comes from the transport protein. the transported substance. ATP. the concentration gradient (gradient in potential energy) of the transported substance. - ansthe concentration gradient (gradient in potential energy) of the transported substance. The energy for active transport across membranes comes from the transport protein. the transported substance. ATP. the concentration gradient (gradient in potential energy) of the transported substance. - ansATP. What provides the energy for the uphill transport of Na+ against its concentration gradient? No energy is needed. the unphosphorylated Na+/K+ pump the K+ ions the energy-rich ATP the potential energy contained in the Na+ concentration gradient - ansthe energy-rich ATP The sodium-potassium pump transports which against its concentration gradient? only Na+ only K+ ATP both Na+ and K+ Na+ and ATP - ansboth Na+ and K+ Predict where hydrophobic amino acids are found in the sodium-potassium pump: in the binding site for Na+ in the binding site for K+ in the pumps portion in contact with water within the cell in the pumps portion in contact with water outside of the cell in the outer middle regions of the protein in contact with the membranes fatty acid tails - ansin the outer middle regions of the protein in contact with the membranes fatty acid tails Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
- The double bonds result in shorter fatty acid tails and thinner membranes.
- Unsaturated fatty acids permit more water in the middle of the membrane.
- Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and allow more cholesterol in the membrane.
- The double bonds form bends or kinks in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent (neighboring) lipids and proteins to be further apart.
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- They always work against a concentration gradient.
- They must be proteins located only on the membrane surface, but not spanning the membrane.
- They always require the expenditure of cellular energy in the form of ATP to function. - ansThey exhibit specificity and allow only a specific type of molecule to pass through. Which component of animal membranes acts as a temperature buffer, BOTH increasing fluidity at low temperature AND decreasing fluidity at high temperature? phospholipids with monounsaturated fatty acids proteins cholesterol phospholipids with saturated fatty acids phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids - anscholesterol Predict what organisms below would switch out fatty acids of their membrane phospholipids between seasons in response to changes in body temperature?
- mammals in tropical regions with rather constant temperatures throughout the year
- shellfish in a tropical pond with rather constant temperatures throughout the year
- mammals in regions with pronounced temperature changes between the seasons
- shellfish in a pond in Sweden with pronounced temperature changes between the seasons - ansshellfish in a pond in Sweden with pronounced temperature changes between the seasons Consider chemical substances not naturally found in the human body and that act as poisons if they get into one of our cells. Which would be the least likely to be able to get into the cell, and would therefore be the least dangerous? one that is hydrophobic one that is hydrophilic and has a shape unlike any substance normally imported by cells one that is hydrophilic and has a similar shape as a substance normally imported by cells - ansone that is hydrophilic and has a shape unlike any substance normally imported by cells Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP? a steroid with phosphate groups attached the sodium/potassium pump a phospholipid a triglyceride a nucleotide - ansa nucleotide Which of the following is defined as mechanical work? the movement of muscle proteins. the movement of calcium along its concentration gradient. the movement of sodium out of the cell and of potassium into the cell. the synthesis of large molecules. the movement of water through an aquaporin protein via osmosis. - ansthe movement of muscle proteins. Which of following is defined as chemical work? the movement of muscle proteins. the movement of calcium along its concentration gradient. the movement of sodium out of the cell and of potassium into the cell.
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the synthesis of large molecules. the movement of water through an aquaporin protein via osmosis. - ansthe synthesis of large molecules. Which of the following is defined as transport work? the movement of muscle proteins. the movement of calcium along its concentration gradient. the movement of sodium out of the cell and of potassium into the cell. the synthesis of large molecules. the movement of water through an aquaporin protein via osmosis. - ansthe movement of sodium out of the cell and of potassium into the cell. Complete the sentence: The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP does not require energy. is driven by energy from the breakdown of energy-rich sugars. is driven by muscle movement. is driven by the facilitated diffusion of sodium through a sodium channel. is driven by the movement of motor proteins. - ansis driven by energy from the breakdown of energy-rich sugars. The following molecules each contain either no, one, two, or three phosphate groups. Which one contains exactly two phosphate groups? ATP ADP AMP adenosine phospholipid - ansADP Predict which in the group of AMP, ADP, and ATP has the lowest chemical potential energy? ATP ADP AMP They all have similar chemical potential energy. - ansAMP Predict how Na+ and K+ rush through their channels when these channels suddenly open as a nerve impulse (action potential) travels along an axon. Both move by facilitated diffusion. Both move by active transport. Na+ moves by facilitated diffusion; K+ moves by active transport. K+ moves by facilitated diffusion; Na+ moves by active transport. - ansBoth move by facilitated diffusion. What information is coded in the genes? The blueprint for making proteins fats carbohydrates amino acids nucleotides - ansproteins
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a hydrophilic amino acid is replaced by a hydrophobic amino acid. a charged amino acid is replaced by a hydrophilic amino acid. a charged amino acid is replaced by a hydrophobic amino acid. a hydrophobic amino acid is replaced by a charged amino acid. a negatively charged amino acid is replaced by a positively charged amino acid. - ansa charged amino acid is replaced by a hydrophilic amino acid. Predict where a hydrophobic amino acid R group (rest or side group) would be found in a water-soluble protein that transports lipids through the blood stream.
- anywhere on the outside of the folded protein chain
- lining the pocket within the folded protein chain into which the lipid fits
- only in a few locations on the outside of the folded protein chain - anslining the pocket within the folded protein chain into which the lipid fits Predict where a hydrophilic amino acid R group (rest or side group) would be found in a membrane channel facilitating the movement of hydrophilic fructose across a biological membrane. only in the top, but not the bottom, portions of the channel, in contact with aqueous fluid within the internal channel formed by the folded protein chain on the outer middle part of the membrane channel, in contact with the membrane core - answithin the internal channel formed by the folded protein chain How many amino acids are responsible for the difference between the more common hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin? one two three four The exact number is unknown. - ansone Four of the five features below are shared by lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Find the feature NOT shared by all three classes. They are all based on carbon. They are all made from a small number of building blocks. They can all form strings of hundreds of repeating monomer units. Each of their building blocks contains H on one end and OH on the other end. They can all be broken down rather easily by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. - ansThey can all form strings of hundreds of repeating monomer units. Which cell structure below is correctly matched with its function? rough ER: synthesis of sex hormones ribosomes: lipid synthesis smooth endoplasmic reticulum: protein synthesis Golgi apparatus: information flow from DNA to RNA cell membrane: selective passage of substances - anscell membrane: selective passage of substances In what type of cells do you expect to find a particularly high level of smooth ER? Cells of (1) the ovaries, (2) the testes, (3) the adrenal gland that produces steroid stress hormones.
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only 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 1, 2, and 3 - ans1, 2, and 3 Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? steroids lipids nucleic acids proteins fats - ansproteins Predict which cell contains a lot of rough ER. A cell that is producing insulin any type of hormone estrogen testosterone steroid stress hormones - ansinsulin True or false? Insulin produced in a pancreas cell travels through the bloodstream to a target organ where insulin triggers sugar uptake into the target organ. True. False. - ansTrue Which structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? smooth endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane ribosome rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus - anssmooth endoplasmic reticulum What makes a motor protein move along a cytoskeletal track? It is able to move without energy input. Energy is provided by the cytoskeletal track. Energy is provided by ATP. Energy is provided by the motor protein. Energy is provided by the vesicles that are moved. - ansEnergy is provided by ATP. Practice exam question. Use the polarity of the four molecules below to predict which ones can, or cannot, pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of a biological membrane.
- CH4 or H2O can pass through the bilayer, whereas Na+ or a fatty acid cannot.
- CH4 or a fatty acid can pass through the bilayer, whereas Na+ or H2O cannot.
- CH4 or Na+ can pass through the bilayer, whereas a fatty acid or H2O cannot.
- H2O or a fatty acid can pass through the bilayer, whereas Na+ or CH4 cannot. - ansCH4 or a fatty acid can pass through the bilayer, whereas Na+ or H2O cannot.
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activate genes that stimulate fat storage. are necessary to allow shape changes in the sodium-potassium pump. promote membrane stability at high temperatures. contain more energy than saturated fatty acids with the same number of C atoms have fewer C=C bonds than monounsaturated fatty acids - ansare necessary to allow shape changes in the sodium-potassium pump. The three domains of life are plants, animals, and protists. fungi, plants, and animals. prokaryotes, plants, and animals. Archaea, bacteria, and animals. Eukarya, Archaea, and bacteria. - ansEukarya, Archaea, and bacteria. Which organisms use mitochondria to produce oxygen? plants and animals bacteria and fungi Archaea and bacteria bacteria and protists No known organisms - ansNo known organisms Which of the following statements correctly describes the endosymbiont theory?
- Eukaryotes acquired their mitochondria by engulfing photosynthetic prokaryotes.
- Eukaryotes acquired their chloroplasts by engulfing non-photosynthetic prokaryotes.
- Eukaryotes acquired their mitochondria by engulfing other eukaryotes.
- Prokaryotes are eukaryotes that ejected their mitochondria.
- Eukaryotes acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing prokaryotes. - ansEukaryotes acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing prokaryotes. Four of the findings below provide evidence in support of the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote evolution. Find the exception. double membrane around chloroplast DNA in mitochondria DNA in chloroplasts DNA in nucleus ribosomes in mitochondria - ansDNA in nucleus A cell possesses the following features: enzymes, DNA, ribosome, phospholipid bilayer, energy acquisition and processing. It could be a cell from an animal, but not a plant. a member of the bacteria, but not of the Archaea. a plant or an animal, but no other kind of organism. any kind of organism. a prokaryote but not a eukaryote. - ansany kind of organism. A cell that keeps its DNA in a membrane-bounded nucleus could be a cell from which of the following groups of organisms? prokaryotes and protists protists and photosynthetic bacteria
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bacteria and Archaea fungi and plants bacteria and fungi - ansfungi and plants A student examines a cell that possesses the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, an outer cell membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It could be a cell from an animal, but not a plant. a bacterium. a plant or an animal. any kind of organism. a plant, but not an animal. - ansa plant, but not an animal. Mitochondria are found in all cells. animal cells and bacterial cells, but not in plant cells. animal cells only. plant cells only. plant and animal cells. - ansplant and animal cells. Prokaryotic cells lack four of the following features. Which feature is found in prokaryotes? mitochondria Golgi apparatus a real nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum phospholipid bilayers - ansphospholipid bilayers Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share four of the following features. Find the exception. DNA proteins multiple inner compartments outer cell membrane ribosomes - ansmultiple inner compartments Prokaryotes carry out all of the following except active transport of substances across membranes. movement work using motor proteins. ATP formation using energy sources from the environment. ATP formation in chloroplasts. energy-dependent synthesis of large molecules. - ansATP formation in chloroplasts. Which cell feature is found in both plant and animal cells? chloroplast cell wall rough endoplasmic reticulum large central vacuole - ansrough endoplasmic reticulum Which features are found in both animal and plant cells? ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and outer cell membrane mitochondria, chloroplasts, and outer cell membrane
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sucrose; dehydration synthesis lactose; dehydration synthesis lactose; hydrolysis sucrose; hydrolysis - anssucrose; dehydration synthesis To which sugar are human taste buds most sensitive? galactose glucose fructose amylose lactose - ansfructose From the fact that high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) tastes sweeter than regular table sugar, one can conclude that
- HFCS contains fructose, but table sugar does not.
- glucose and fructose must both be monosaccharides.
- the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that in table sugar.
- the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be 55%.
- fructose must stimulate the production of hormones that control blood sugar level. - ansthe percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that in table sugar. High-fructose corn syrup consists of 100% fructose. 60% fructose and 40% glucose. 55% fructose and 45% glucose. 50% fructose and 50% glucose. 45% fructose and 55 glucose. - ans55% fructose and 45% glucose. Which of these is a source of lactose? plant cell walls milk table sugar potato starch glycogen - ansmilk Lactose tolerance is highest in human populations with no history of dairy farming. with a long history of dairy farming over many generations. with a history of dairy farming that began one generation ago. - answith a long history of dairy farming over many generations. True or false? To calculate how many C, H, and O are in a polysaccharide, one can simply multiply the C, H, and O present in each monomer by the number of monomers contained in the polysaccharide, and then ADD one H2O molecule for every monomer. True False - ansFalse Glycogen functions in energy storage in animals. energy storage in plants.
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providing structural support in plant cell walls. providing structural support in animal cells. - ansenergy storage in animals. Starch functions in energy storage in animals. energy storage in plants. providing structural support in plant cell walls. providing structural support in animal cells. - ansenergy storage in plants. Cellulose functions in energy storage in animals. energy storage in plants. providing structural support in plant cell walls. providing structural support in animal cells. providing structural support in plant and animal cell walls. - ansproviding structural support in plant cell walls. Because starch and cellulose have different functions, they must consist of the same monosaccharide. must both consist of glucose monomers. must have different structures. must consist of different monomers. must occur in different organisms. - ansmust have different structures. The polysaccharides used for structural support should be expected to be _______ to break down. difficult easy - ansdifficult The polysaccharides used for energy storage should be expected to be _______ to break down. difficult easy - anseasy Four of the five statements below are correct. Which one is false? Starch and cellulose are both synthesized and found in plants. both contain a lot of energy. are both made of glucose monomers. are both structural components of plant cell walls. are both polysaccharides. - ansare both structural components of plant cell walls. The following statement compares different starches: Because it is branched and can be broken down to ________ by multiple enzymes at the same time, _________ is digested more quickly than _________. lactose; amylose; amylopectin fructose; cellulose; amylopectin monosaccharides; amylopectin; amylose simple sugars; cellulose; amylose amylopectin; amylose; glycogen - ansmonosaccharides; amylopectin; amylose
