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DRUGS AND BEHAVIOUR, PSYC 450 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
“Compare and contrast the function of autoreceptors and transporters. - CORRECT ANSWER
Autoreceptors, located in the membrane of presynaptic nerve cells. Autoreceptors can be found on any part of the cell membrane, the Soma, dendrites, axon, or axon terminal. Auto receptors are usually G protein-coupled receptors, therefore act via a second messenger rather than gated ion channels. It is only sensitive to the neurotransmitters or hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Transporters, proteins that carry neurotransmitters across cell membranes. Synaptic Transporters remove neurotransmitters and halt their actions, but Transporters can also carry neurotransmitters into the synapse, allowing them to bind to receptors and cause and effect."
"Define the therapeutic index and describe how it is calculated and why it is important. -
CORRECT ANSWER The therapeutic index calculate drug safety. It compares the amount of
drug that causes a therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity in most people. The therapeutic index is determined by taking the ED50 ( the dose of a particular drug that produces 50% of the maximum effect) and comparing it with the TD 50, 50% toxic dose, or the dose at which 50% of the population experiences a Toxic effect. This information is plotted on a dose- response curve. The therapeutic index is important when considering the benefits versus risk of serious side effects for people who might use the drug." "Describe three procedures researchers can use to produce relapse to drug-seeking behavior in
animal - CORRECT ANSWER In animals that have been trained to self administer a drug by
performing an operant response, and then have been extinguished on that response, relapse or renewed responding, can be provoked by:
- administering a priming dose of the drug
- Presenting a stimulus q that was previously paired with drug delivery.
- Stressing the animal."
"describe the ways males and females differ with regard to the effects of alcohol. - CORRECT
ANSWER 1. The prevalence of alcoholism is higher in men(20%) than in women (5-6%).
- Alcohol induced organ damage and related medical issues are more severe in women and develop more quickly and female alcoholics have a higher death rate than male alcoholics.
- Less efficient gastric metabolism and smaller fluid volume in women causes more rapidly rising and higher BAC for equivalent doses of alcohol. Higher BAC means that women experience more effects, including increase memory impairment, greater probability of blackouts and increased motor impairment."
"Describe the neural mechanisms that underlie both the reinforcing and adversive aspects of
cannabis administration. - CORRECT ANSWER Shown to depend on the CB1 receptor and may
also involve dopamine since cannabinoids stimulate the firing of dopamine neurons in the VTA and enhance dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. There are also close interactions between the cannabinoid and opioid systems which also plays a role in reinforcement. THC can produce drug seeking behaviors in monkeys and reinforcing in squirrel monkeys. Reduce dopamine cell firing and endocannabinoid system changes contribute to withdrawal symptoms." "Identify two pharmacological treatment approaches and two non drug treatment approaches for addressing the problems of cannabis dependence. Why are most of these therapies not
typically successful? - CORRECT ANSWER Pharmacological treatments, antidepressant and
mood stabilizer drugs, oral THC. Non drug treatment options, outpatient programs that involve CBT, relapse prevention and motivational enhancement therapy, incentive programs. Most of these therapies are not typically successful because most cannabis users do not become dependent and do not seek treatment." "Distinguish between PCP and ketamine in terms of their pharmaceutical development, safety
and effects. Are these drugs used recreationally? - CORRECT ANSWER Both PCP and ketamine
are known as dissociative anesthetics. PCP was originally developed for use as an anesthetic, but use of the drug put patients into a catatonic State, that's a less potent form of the drug ketamine was developed. PCP is no longer use clinically because of its adverse side effects, but ketamine is used in Veterinary and human mostly children medicine. Both PCP and ketamine produce effects that include sensory distortions, altered body image and cognitive disorganization. High doses of ketamine produce a k-hole, where the user feels disconnected from his body. Both PCP and ketamine are reinforcing to animals and ketamine produces pleasurable effects in humans. The recreational use of ketamine is on the rise. Chronic use of PCP and ketamine leads to various adverse effects including cognitive deficits, Urological symptoms, brain abnormalities and altered dopamine function. Recent studies suggest that ketamine may have novel application in the treatment of major depression and pain relief" "How is GHB typically consumed? Explain how the effects of GHB have led to its use as a date rape drug. Name two other drugs that are also used in this manner. What can be done to protect
against this type of threat? - CORRECT ANSWER GHB is a powdered material, but it's usually
sold in a solution in water. It is odorless, clear and almost tasteless. GHB is a central nervous system depressant that can include unconsciousness and high doses. It's colorless and odorless which facilitates used by perpetrators of drug-facilitated sexual assault. It is known as the date rape drug because of its intoxicating and heavily sedated effects at high doses. Rohypnol, a powerful sleep inducing agent and in some instances ketamine and alcohol are also used in drug facilitated sexual assault. Safety measures include not leaving your beverage unattended and not
"Fill in the blank. - CORRECT ANSWER In a recent human drug discrimination study, baclofen
was subjectively experienced to be similar to THC." "There are multiple examples of accidents of nature that help researchers understand the relationship between brain damage and behavior in humans. Which of the following is not one of
these accidents of nature? - CORRECT ANSWER Psycho-surgery."
"The primary immune response in the central nervous system comes from the action of -
CORRECT ANSWER Microglia"
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Action potentials are first generated at the axon hillock
because this is where voltage-gated sodium channels are located."
"Fill in the blanks - CORRECT ANSWER Clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system are
called nuclei and their Associated bundles of axons are called tracts."
"Otto Lowisvexperiments with frog hearts was important because it demonstrates that -
CORRECT ANSWER The idea of chemical neurotransmission is correct."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Ligand gated ion channels are fast, ionotropic, G
protein-coupled receptors are slow, metabotropic." "The primary treatment for Parkinson's Disease is the administration of l-dopa because this drug
CORRECT ANSWER Is the synthetic precursor to dopamine."
"Fill in the blanks - CORRECT ANSWER Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors which
act as transcription factors when activated, and regulate gene expression."
"Which of the following drugs will animals not self-administer? - CORRECT ANSWER
Antidepressants." "If a researcher wanted to disrupt a specific neurotransmitter pathway, which method would be
most useful? - CORRECT ANSWER 6 hydroxy dopamine"
"Situ hybridization is used - CORRECT ANSWER For detection of messenger RNA molecules."
"Which of the following is not a catecholamine? - CORRECT ANSWER Glutamine.
(Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)"
"Dopamine transporter knockout mice are hyperactive relative to wild-type mice because -
CORRECT ANSWER The dopaminergic neurons cannot remove dopamine from the synaptic
cleft."
"fill in the - CORRECT ANSWER B1 and B2 receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase, while A
receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase" "Serotonin as the culprit in many disorders or conditions. Which of the following is not one of
them? - CORRECT ANSWER ADHD."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Pharmacologists have identified at least 14 different
receptor subtypes for serotonin, most of which are metabotropic."
"Fill in the blanks - CORRECT ANSWER Anti migraine drugs known as triptans act as 5HT 1B/1D
agonists and cause constriction of blood vessels."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Cholinergic function and enhancement of learning and
memory can result from the administration of 5-HT 4 Agonist, which serve to depolarize the postsynaptic cell."
"Which of the following about curare is false? - CORRECT ANSWER Curate CAN NOT be used as
an adjunct anesthetic and sedatives for surgical procedures."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Cells require binding of two molecules of Ach and are
composed of two a1 subunits, a B1 subunit, one y and either a o or e subunit."
"Which of the following drug action pairings is incorrect? - CORRECT ANSWER Physostigmine
DOES NOT inhibit choline reuptake."
"Which of the following about the nmda receptor is false? - CORRECT ANSWER NMDA
receptors are NOT blocked by nbqx."
"Which of the following about Doogie mice is false - CORRECT ANSWER They show decreased
sensitivity to pain."
"Which of the following statements about caffeine is false? - CORRECT ANSWER About 50% of
adults consume caffeinated beverages."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Caffeine's antagonism of both A-1 and A2a receptors
especially in the striatum, is important in the arousing and activating effects of the drug."
"Which of the following is not an effect of inhalants on the central nervous system? - CORRECT
ANSWER They inhibit the activity of glycine receptors."
"Which of the following is not a symptom experienced following high doses of GHB? - CORRECT
ANSWER Rapid respirations."
"What pattern of steroid use might an endurance athlete or a sprinter choose? - CORRECT
ANSWER Low doses."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Endocrine disruptors that act as thyroid hormone
mimics can produce hyperthyroid like effects by acting on target tissues or hypothyroid like effects by providing negative feedback to the pituitary and ultimately decreasing T3 and T4"
"In children, acute high-dose OP poisoning typically produces, - CORRECT ANSWER Seizures
and coma."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Disruption of protein synthesis appears to be the
neurotoxic effect of mercury in the adult brain, while in the developing brain is likely to be disruption of neuronal migration."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER In addition to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the
BNST appears to play an important role in initiating sustained emotional responses of anxiety when danger signals are unclear."
"Which of the following has not been implicated as a risk factor or triggers in panic disorder? -
CORRECT ANSWER Breathing air with decreased amounts of carbon dioxide."
"The duration of action of benzodiazepines - CORRECT ANSWER Depends partly on whether
drugs are redistributed to fat and muscle depots."
"Which of the following is not a symptom of mania? - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease in goal-
directed activity."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Recently developed models of mania include sleep
deprivation and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in the circadian clock."
"All of the following are potential side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants except, - CORRECT
ANSWER Hypertension."
"Which of the following is not a subtype of schizophrenia, according to kraepelin? - CORRECT
ANSWER Delusional.
(Catatonic, undifferentiated, paranoid)" "What model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical
findings concerning the disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER The neurodevelopmental model."
"The newest antipsychotic medications are - CORRECT ANSWER Dopamine system
stabilizers."
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER Parkinson's disease dementia affects approximately
70% of patients after 15 years of disease progression."
"Which of the following is the correct order of degeneration in Alzheimer's disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER Entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, neocortex."
"The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamine is - CORRECT ANSWER Tyrosine
hydrolase"
"Another name for serotonin is - CORRECT ANSWER 5 hydroxyTRYPTAMINE"
"Most of the cell bodies that produce serotonin in the CNS are found in the - CORRECT
ANSWER Raphe Nuclei"
"Drugs that act as agonists at 5-HT 2A receptors produce a characteristic "head twitch" response
in rodents and ______________in humans - CORRECT ANSWER Hallucinations"
"The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs
incorporates many neuroanatomical structures, but does NOT include the - CORRECT
ANSWER Cerebellum"
"Which of the following best represents the involvement of epigenetics in the progression to
addiction? - CORRECT ANSWER Environmental stimuli-acute drug exposure-epigenetic
changes-modified gene expression-repeated drug exposure/addicition"
"The memory disturbances seen in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrom include - CORRECT ANSWER
loss of short term, immediate memories with retention of distant memories." "Alcohol and benzos most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both
CORRECT ANSWER ENHANCE the effects of GABA at GABAa receptors."
"In the __________method of genetic study, genes of affected and unaffected individuals who are not related are compared to search for alleles that may be common among affected
individuals - CORRECT ANSWER Case-Control"
"The following is true about opium - CORRECT ANSWER It was once a popular remed for
women, in the form of laudanum It replaced alcohol as the most popular recreational drug in some cultures It was given to infants and children" "What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from the receptor cloning studies?
- CORRECT ANSWER The receptors appear to be metabotropic"
"First, or early pain - CORRECT ANSWER Typically triggers withdrawal and escape response"
"the opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome, - CORRECT ANSWER Can be explained as a
form of rebound CNS hyperactivity."
"Psychostimulant injections - CORRECT ANSWER Have their reinforcing effects effectively
blocked by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens."
"Vaccines against cocaine - CORRECT ANSWER Could act by creating antibodies that bind the
cocaine molecules, reducing the amount of drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier."
"Nicotine replacement therapy - CORRECT ANSWER is generally very easy to use and in most
cases allows for flexible, rapid dosing"
"The following about marijuana is FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER Medical use of marijuana has
only been receognized recently as individual states have attempted to pass laws legalizing medical marijuana use." "Recent imaging studies (of weed, or LSD?) have demonstrated some evidence of abnormalities
of alterations in several brain structures including the - CORRECT ANSWER hippocampus and
anterior cingulate cortex"
"The following does NOT occur during the peak phase of an LSD trip - CORRECT ANSWER
Intensification of the sense of touch"
"The following about PCP is FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER It causes a trance-like state in which
the subject is highly responsice to pain."
"Many inhalants enhance the activity of - CORRECT ANSWER GABA receptors, and inhibit the
activity of NMDA receptors"
"The following about date rape drugs is false - CORRECT ANSWER The drink safe coaster is a
reliable way to test drinks for the presence of rohypno and GHB."
"The following is true about Pyrethois insecticides - CORRECT ANSWER They are tight bound
to soil and do not contaminate grund water Though diverse, they all have an alcohol moiety and an acid moiety n humans, they are metabolized by cytochrome P450's." "the likelihoos of neurotoxic consequences of arsenic exposure depends in part on which form of
the compound is encountered. - CORRECT ANSWER As3+ and As5+ are water soluable and are
thus easily consumed in drinking water, and 80-90% is absorbed from the GI tract."
"Acute anxiety an be most affectively treated with - CORRECT ANSWER Bezodiazephine
medications."
"The folowing are advantages that the benzodiazepines have over barbiturates - CORRECT
ANSWER The benzo's have a higher therapeutic index
There is an antagonist drug available to reverse the effects of benzo overdose, but not barbituate OD
The action potential: the voltage of an action potential will either cause ion channels to open, or will not. Both of these actions affect neurotransmitter release. Also, drugs may alter neurotransmitter release by causing more frequent release, slowing down release, or interfering with reuptake." "Provide two examples of how genetic engineering has helped neurscientists understand more
about the role of genes, receptors and peptides - CORRECT ANSWER -Knockout Mice;
Scientists alter a gene, causing a change in expression of the protein, which produces an animal model that lacs a particular protein, so they can evaluate post-lesioning behaviour. They can then compare the behaviour of a drug response between altered and unaltered mice, to better understand the importance of that specific protein in specific drug effects. -Transgenic Mice: The substitution of one gene for another. An example is removing the genes for huntingons or alzheimers from humans and insert them into mice. Therefore giving an animal model of the disease to study and help develop treatments. -Genetic material can be inserted into cells that don't normally have a particular protein (receptor). Cell division produces a large number of copies of the altered cell (cloning). The cells can then be used to test new drugs." "Write a coherent and informative paragraph using the following terms: L-DOPA, MPTP,
substancia nigra, monkeys - CORRECT ANSWER Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative
disorder whose manifestation is primarily believed to be due to a profound deficit in brain dopamine in the substance infra. A number of experimental models have been developed to help scientists study PD. In the 80's a number of drug users came down with symptoms that looked almost exactly like PD, after using a synthetic heroin that was contaminated with MPTP. Researchers quickly tested MPTP in monkey's and were able to reproduce most of the clinical hallmarks of PD. Researchers found that syptoms improved with the administration of L-DOPA." "Describe the location and characteristis of nicotinic receptors. Name one drug that acts as a
antagonist and one that acts as an agonist at these receptors. - CORRECT ANSWER Nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are proteins that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are found in the CNS and the PNS as well as in muscle cells. They are ionotropic receptors, which means that they posess an ionic channel. They are choleinergic, because they respond to acetylcholine. Each nicotinic receptor contains 5 subunits. Agonist: Nicotine Antagonist: Nuromuscular blocking agents ie muscle relaxanats."
"Explain how a GABA b receptor is structurally and functionally different than a GABA a receptor.
CORRECT ANSWER GABA is inhibitory.
GABA a: Ionotropic, ion-gated channels, each receptor contains 5 subunits and 3-4 different kinds of subunits are also found in each subunit. The most remarkable prperty of the receptor is its sensitivity to CNS depressant drugs. Benzo's, barbituates and alcohol work on these reptors. GABA b: metabotropic, Has only 2 subunits. Not influenced by drugs that effect the GABA a receptors, but can be activated by the muscle relaxer, Baclofen."
"Describe three ways that animal models make important contributions to alcohol research. -
CORRECT ANSWER 1. Because animals are kept in controlled and healthy environments, some
of the common correlates of heavy alcohol use in humans is eliminated; poly drug use, poor nutrition, liver damage, associated psychiatric disorders.
- Animal models allow for methods of study that wouldn't be appropriate for human models. Example- withdrawal and long-term organ damage.
- Selective breeding to produce alcohol preferring and alcohol abstaining animals that can be used to study human alcool consumption and abuse." "What type of pain is being modulated at supraspinal levels? Identify the brain areas that are
involved in opiate modulation at the supraspinal level. - CORRECT ANSWER Supraspinal
means "above" the spinal cord, and includes hypothalamus and thalamus. Opioid receptors in these areas suggest that they may be responsible for the emotional component to pain." "List several members of the amphetamine family of drugs. What do they have in common? Identify two such components that occur in nature. How have amphetamines been used to treat diseases and enhance daily function prior to being
restricted by the government? - CORRECT ANSWER Methamphetamine, MDMA, MDE, MDA.
All of these chemical compounds are related structurally to the neurotransmitter dopamine. In nature- Cathonine, or khat which is an evergreen shrub, also ephedrine. Used to decrease apetite and increase energy, opens airways, used for nasal and bronchial congestion, for narcolepsy and for soldiers to stay awake." "Identify the biphasic effects of caffein observed in animals. What effects do low-doses have on
humans? High doses? - CORRECT ANSWER Biphasic means different reactions at different
doses. In animals, locomotor stimulant at low doses, reduces activity at high doses. In humans, low doses can increase alertness and performance, high doses it can lead to nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, heart paplpitations and contribute to withdrawal symptoms."
Onset usually occurs 30 minutes to an hour after ingestion. Visual effects, colours, geometric patterns. Plateau: 2 hours. Time slows, visual effects become more intense. Peak: Begins after 3 hours from ingestion and lasts 2-3 hours. Another world, crossing over of senses, ie: feeling sound. Come Down: 2 hours of longer depending on dose."
"Describe the ways in which inhalants are similar to alcohol? - CORRECT ANSWER Low doses
of gaseous inhalants produce effects resmbling acohol intoxication. Several voltage gated ion channels are influenced by inhalants, much like alcohol. Inhalants act as a CNS depressant in much the same way alcohol does. Slurred speech, poor motor coordination, sleepiness and loss of consciousness at high doses."
"OCD - CORRECT ANSWER The disorder is severe and chronic.
Chategorized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that are recurring and persistent and usually focus on sex, violence, religion, or thoughts of contamination. The person tries to resist, but cannot, causing a great deal of anxiety. Compulsions are repetitive rituals that are considered attempts to releive the anxiety created by the intrusie thoughts. OCD is generally described as an anxiety disorder because the intrusive thoughts cause so much anxiety, but some suggest it to be a compulsive motor disorder, similar to some of the actions exhibited by animals such as grooming or nesting." "Why are the atypical neuroleptics referred to as broad-spectrum antipsychotics? What are 2
drugs in this category and advantages and disadvantages over older meds. - CORRECT
ANSWER The newer, atypical antipsychotics are referred to as broad spectrum because they
have a broader spectrum of action in the brain and have effect on a broader spectrum of symptoms than the older medications. Two examples: Clozapine, Risperidone. The newer drugs appeart to have less side effects involving abnormal movement like tremors and regidity. No one drug is better than another and often patients need t o test out several antipsychotics before a therapeutic combination is found."
"Alzheimers: The formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. - CORRECT
ANSWER The accumulation of beta amyloid protein between neurons in the brain results in the
formation of amyloid plaques.
Neurofibrillary tangles are fibrous inclusions that are abnormally located in the citoplasm of neurons."
"The narcotic Analgesics - CORRECT ANSWER "
"Name the major serotonin cell clusters in the brainstem and describe their projection pathways.
- CORRECT ANSWER Most of the serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system are found along the middle of the brainstem associated with cell clusters called the raphe nuclei. The dorsal raphe nuclei and the median raphe nuclei send serotogenic fibers to almost all of the areas in the forebrain. Almost all forebrain regions, including the neocortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala, receive serotonin supply from the raphe nuclei." "Distinguish between short-term excitotoxic effects of glutamate and the delayed type of cell
death called apoptosis. - CORRECT ANSWER Excitotoxicity: when nerve cells are damaged by
prolonged exposure to glutamate,(necrosis). Excessive exposure to glutamate can damage and sometimes kill nerve cells through depolarization of the cell. However, if overexposure to glutamate, or the amount of time the cell is exposed is reduced, the cells return to a normal state. In humans, excitotoxic cell death can be caused by ingesting food contaminated with demonic acid or through stroke and traumatic brain injury. Traumatic cell death. Apoptosis, a delayed cell death which involves disruption of the cell nucleus and breakdown of DNA. It's a biochemical process of programmed cell death. Occurs normally during fetal brain development. Excitotoxic treatments may also activate apoptosis. Biologically controlled cell death."
"Name and briefly describe the functions of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex - CORRECT
ANSWER Occipital lobe, the primary visual cortex. Visual reception and interpretation.
Perietal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex. Sense of touch, taste and smell. Spatial perception. Temporal lobe, primary auditory cortex. Understanding language. Frontal lobe, primary motor cortex. Movement and executive planning." "Explain what is meant by face, predictive, and construct validity. Which is most important for the
development of clinically useful medications - CORRECT ANSWER Construct validity refers to
the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a specific hypothetical construct. IE the extent to which animal behavioral measurement tools actually measure the target behavior in the animal. Face validity refers to the degree to which an assessment or test appears to measure the variable it is supposed to measure. Being able to transfer testing / results from inside the lab to other environments with similar results. IE blood pressure tests on lab animals, resemble those tests used for humans.
component model of anxiety, stress and Deuces the cyclical interaction of bodily responses such as shallow breathing, rapid heartbeat, and tense muscles, as well as ineffective behaviors such as Escape, avoidance, and aggression and also upsetting thoughts such as anger, fear, and self- doubts. Each of the three components influence the other and escalate the effects of anxiety. Anxieties also maladaptive when stressors are seen as a threat, instead of being perceived as a challenge that may influence more constructive Behavior." "Explain why the nature of the disorder makes multiple sclerosis so unpredictable and so varied
from Patient to Patient. - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an
autoimmune disorder and results in a chronic attack on the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves, in particular the myelin produced in the parasympathetic nervous system. The symptoms of the disease course Very and are even more widely varied across patients depending on the location of the immune attack. Common symptoms can lead to secondary and tertiary symptoms of the disease the symptoms of multiple sclerosis can mimic the symptoms of other disorders." "While pharmacokinetics describes how the body deals with drugs what describes how drug
molecules interact with their targets? - CORRECT ANSWER Pharmacokinetics describe how
drugs move in, through and out of the body. Pharmacodynamics describes how drug molecules interact with their targets."
"Which of the following does not cause tolerance? - CORRECT ANSWER ."
"Neurons responsible for converting environmental stimuli into neural signals are known as -
CORRECT ANSWER Sensory neurons"
"many ion channels are not normally open but must be gated or opened by some event. Which of
the following is not a typical means of opening ion - CORRECT ANSWER Enzymatic reactions."
"Which of the following about local potentials is false? - CORRECT ANSWER They are current
only if threshold is reached."
"The most common types of synapses in the brain are what kind of synapses? - CORRECT
ANSWER Axodendritic"
"Fill in the blanks. - CORRECT ANSWER In radio ligand binding studies B-Max represents the
number of binding sites and KD is an indication of receptor affinity."
"Fill in the blanks - CORRECT ANSWER Drug action refers to specific molecular changes that
occur when a drug binds to a particular Target site or receptor, while drug effects are the resulting widespread alterations in function."
"Fill in the - CORRECT ANSWER Biotransformation of drugs can result in the formation of
active metabolites which enter the circulation and cause prolonged drug action."
"most drugs and neurotransmitters act on - CORRECT ANSWER Membrane-bound receptors."
"Fill in the - CORRECT ANSWER Pharmacodynamic tolerance occurs as a result of cellular
adaptation to the presence of a specific drug."
"Fill in the blanks - CORRECT ANSWER Neurons rely on glial cells for protection, metabolic
support and insulation." "The treatment of generalized anxiety with B receptor antagonists is effective because beta
blockers - CORRECT ANSWER Reduce some of the physical symptoms associated with
anxiety."
"Disulfiram makes consumption of alcohol unpleasant because it, - CORRECT ANSWER Blocks
the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid"
"All the following are effects of the class of drugs called narcotic analgesics except for, -
CORRECT ANSWER Unconsciousness."
"The opioid propeptides, - CORRECT ANSWER Are processed by proteases in both opiate and
non opiate peptides."
"Both early and late pain activate the, - CORRECT ANSWER Secondary somatosensory cortex."
"Which of the following is not a reason why methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug
abuse? - CORRECT ANSWER It has no reinforcing effect, even if it ministered intravenously."
"Which of the following is a sympathomimetics effect of cocaine? - CORRECT ANSWER
Vasoconstriction."
"Which of the following is not a form of marijuana or cannabis derivative? - CORRECT
ANSWER Anandamide"
"Concerning the time course of THC levels and route of administration, - CORRECT ANSWER
Plasma levels of THC Peak more rapidly following injection or smoking than oral administration of the drug." "All of the following are withdrawal symptoms observed following long term heavy marijuana use
except, - CORRECT ANSWER Increased sleep."
