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DRUGS AND BEHAVIOR - PSYC 450 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
"The liver and kidneys work together to _______ and _______ drugs, respectively. a. metabolize; excrete b. excrete; metabolize c. bind; metabolize
d. absorb; excrete - CORRECT ANSWER a. metabolize; excrete"
"Which of the following describes the interaction of two drugs when the combined drug effects are greater than would be predicted from that combination? a. addictive effects b. Physiological antagonism c. Potentiation
d. Tolerance - CORRECT ANSWER c. potentiation"
"Neurons responsible for converting environmental stimuli into neural signals are known as _______. a. sensory neurons b. interneurons c. motor neurons
d. pyramidal cells - CORRECT ANSWER a. sensory neurons"
"The most common type of synapse in the brain is the _______ synapse. a. axoaxonic b. axodendritic c. axosomatic
d. presynaptic inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER b. axodendritic"
"Cocaine increases the amount of DA, 5-HT, and NE in the synaptic cleft by _______. a. preventing metabolism b. blocking transporters c. blocking autoreceptors
d. increasing synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER b. blocking transporters"
"In contrast to the classical neurotransmitters and the neuropeptides, nitric oxide does not "behave" like a typical neurotransmitter. Which statement regarding nitric oxide signaling is false? a. It may be released from the postsynaptic cell. b. It is not released from synaptic vesicles via exocytosis. c. It remains in the synaptic cleft until it is inactivated.
d. It may travel some distance before it reaches target cells. - CORRECT ANSWER c. it remains
in the synaptic cleft until it is inactivated" "_______ coordinate(s) is/are needed with stereotaxic surgery to specify a particular brain area. a. One b. Two c. Three
d. Four - CORRECT ANSWER c. three"
"In radioligand binding studies, _______ represents the number of binding sites and _______ is an indication of receptor affinity. a. Bmax; k b. k-1; Kd c. k1; k-
d. Bmax; Kd - CORRECT ANSWER d. Bmax; Kd"
"_______ refer(s) to specific molecular changes that occur when a drug binds to a particular target site or receptor, while _______ are the resulting widespread alterations in function. a. Drug action; therapeutic effects b. Side effects; drug effects c. Therapeutic effects; side effects
d. Drug action; drug effects - CORRECT ANSWER d. drug action; drug effects"
"Sensitization is most often seen with which class of drugs? a. Barbiturates b. Psychomotor stimulants c. Opiates
"Which symptom would not be expected in an animal treated bilaterally with 6-OHDA? a. Decreased interest in motivated behaviours such as eating and drinking b. Difficulty initiating movement c. Increased locomotor activity
d. Sensory neglect - CORRECT ANSWER c. Increased locomotor activity"
"A specific marker for serotonin cells is _______. a. tyrosine hydroxylase b. tryptophan hydroxylase c. AADC
d. MAO - CORRECT ANSWER b. tryptophan hydroxylase"
"The fibers of serotonergic neurons are found _______. a. mainly in the cerebellum and spinal cord b. mainly in the midbrain, hypothalamus, and thalamus c. mainly in the midbrain, pons, and medulla
d. in virtually all forebrain areas - CORRECT ANSWER d. in virtually all forebrain areas"
"_______ was used during the Gulf War as a protective antidote to nerve gas. a. Pyridostigmine bromide b. Sarin c. Physostigmine bromide
d. Soman - CORRECT ANSWER a. Pyridostigmine bromide"
"Which statement does not accurately describe activity at the nicotinic receptor? a. The channel opens rapidly and depolarization occurs. b. Sodium and/or calcium ions enter the next cell. c. Prolonged stimulation of receptors can lead to desensitization.
d. Nicotinic receptors are only found on cell bodies and dendrites in the brain, not on nerve
terminals. - CORRECT ANSWER d. Nicotinic receptors are only found on cell bodies and
dendrites in the brain, not on nerve terminals." "Ingestion of a parasympathomimetic agent, such as pilocarpine, can cause all of the following except _______. a. sweating b. pupillary dilation c. salivation
d. diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWER b. pupillary dilation"
"Which of the following is considered to be a glutamate co-agonist at the NMDA receptor site? a. Ketamine b. d-serine c. Magnesium
d. Aspartate - CORRECT ANSWER b. d-serine"
"Which of the following is not a catecholamine? a. Dopamine b. Glutamine c. Norepinephrine
d. Epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER b. Glutamine"
"Which statement regarding D2 dopamine receptors is false? a. They are found only in the hypothalamus. b. They function as autoreceptors. c. They inhibit adenylyl cyclase and decrease the synthesis of cAMP.
d. They can enhance K+ channel opening via activation of a G protein. - CORRECT ANSWER a.
They are found only in the hypothalamus." "Noradrenergic receptors _______. a. are ionotropic b. inhibit adenylyl cyclase c. are metabotropic
d. stimulate adenylyl cyclase - CORRECT ANSWER c. are metabotropic"
d. first increase, then decrease - CORRECT ANSWER a. decrease"
"The memory disturbances seen in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome include _______. a. a loss of memory for events in the distant past b. total amnesia c. a loss of short-term, immediate memory with retention of distant memories
d. little actual memory impairment - CORRECT ANSWER c. a loss of short-term, immediate
memory with retention of distant memories" "Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both _______ the effects of _______ at _______ receptors. a. decrease; glutamate; NMDA b. enhance; glutamate; NMDA c. decrease; GABA; GABAA
d. enhance; GABA; GABAA - CORRECT ANSWER d. enhance; GABA; GABAA"
""First" or early pain _______. a. typically triggers withdrawal and escape responses b. provides information about the unpleasantness of the painful sensation c. is transmitted by neural pathways to the limbic system
d. is often accompanied by autonomic responses, such as nausea - CORRECT ANSWER a.
typically triggers withdrawal and escape responses" "Tolerance to opiate effects_______. a. is primarily due to increased rate of metabolism b. develops quite gradually over time c. is not specific to a given receptor type
d. occurs rapidly for analgesic effects and slowly for constipating effects - CORRECT ANSWER
d. occurs rapidly for analgesic effects and slowly for constipating effects" "According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 137 million Americans _______ and more than 63 million Americans _______.
a. smoked marijuana; drank alcohol b. drank alcohol; used tobacco c. drank alcohol; used cocaine or heroin
d. used tobacco; used one or more illicit drugs - CORRECT ANSWER b. drank alcohol; used
tobacco" "In the DSM-5, _______ is included in the non-substance-related addiction category. a. Internet addiction b. binge eating c. sex addiction
d. pathological gambling - CORRECT ANSWER d. pathological gambling"
"Malcolm et al. (2016) showed that regional brain activation after viewing methamphetamine stimuli (versus neutral visual stimuli) was _______ in people diagnosed with methamphetamine dependence, relative to controls. a. greater in the hippocampus and periaqueductal gray b. greater in the ventral striatum and medial frontal cortex c. reduced in the ventral striatum and medial frontal cortex
d. reduced in the hippocampus and periaqueductal gray - CORRECT ANSWER b. greater in the
ventral striatum and medial frontal cortex" "The concept of incentive sensitization distinguishes between _______ and _______. a. drug seeking; drug taking b. drug liking; drug wanting c. drug liking; drug taking
d. craving; drug seeking - CORRECT ANSWER b. drug liking; drug wanting"
"The first alcoholic beverage was _______. a. a thick, hearty beer b. mead c. wine
d. gin - CORRECT ANSWER b. mead"
"Fatty liver occurs because of a buildup of _______, while cirrhosis is the result of the formation of _______.
"One of the most reliable physiological effects of cannabis use in humans is _______. a. slowing of heart rate b. decreased blood flow to the skin c. faint pulse
d. increased hunger - CORRECT ANSWER d. increased hunger"
"Which statement about the use and abuse of ketamine is false? a. Ketamine's popularity can be explained by the fact that the drug does not cause dependence. b. Many abusers of ketamine are medical or veterinary practitioners. c. A number of intellectuals experimented with ketamine as a mind-expanding drug, similar to LSD.
d. Ketamine's use is difficult to track, but is increasing at popular events such as raves. -
CORRECT ANSWER a. Ketamine's popularity can be explained by the fact that the drug does
not cause dependence." "Many inhalants enhance the activity of _______ receptors and inhibit the activity of _______ receptors. a. GABAA; NMDA b. NMDA; GABAA c. nicotinic; NMDA
d. GABAA; dopamine - CORRECT ANSWER a. GABAA; NMDA"
"Which statement about "date rape" drugs is false? a. They cause amnesia for the rape, which limits the ability to prosecute the rapist. b. The government recently passed legislation to increase the penalties for sale or possession of these drugs. c. The Drink Safe Coaster is a reliable way to test drinks for the presence of Rohypnol and GHB. d. The pharmaceutical company has reformulated Rohypnol so that it turns blue when dissolved
in alcohol to discourage its use as a "rape drug." - CORRECT ANSWER c. The Drink Safe Coaster
is a reliable way to test drinks for the presence of Rohypnol and GHB." "The core structure of anabolic steroids is formed by _______. a. oxandrolone b. nandrolone
c. stanozolol
d. testosterone - CORRECT ANSWER d. testosterone"
"Tobacco leaves _______. a. were not cultivated in the New World until seeds were brought over by Columbus in 1492 b. come in a large and a small leaf form, the latter being used for most modern-day tobacco c. can be smoked in pipes, chewed, or even snorted in a form called snuff
d. were processed into cigarettes in the early 1900s - CORRECT ANSWER c. can be smoked in
pipes, chewed, or even snorted in a form called snuff" "Harry Anslinger _______. a. was a former drug "czar" appointed by President Bush b. is the current director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy c. was the first Commissioner of Narcotics
d. opposed the Marijuana Tax Act in 1937 - CORRECT ANSWER c. was the first Commissioner
of Narcotics" "Human studies have shown that marijuana use produces deficits/decreases in all of the following except _______. a. verbal memory tasks b. appetite c. psychomotor tasks, such as driving an automobile
d. reaction-time tasks - CORRECT ANSWER b. appetite"
"What happens during precipitated withdrawal from cannabinoids in animal studies? a. The THC being administered is withdrawn. b. The CB1 antagonist SR 141716A is administered. c. The CB1 drugs WIN 55,212-2 and SR 141716A are administered at the same time to precipitate withdrawal.
d. THC is stopped and SR 141716A is administered. - CORRECT ANSWER b. The CB1 antagonist
SR 141716A is administered." "Synthetic designer cannabinoids have been called _______. a. Smack
d. is genetically determined, as twin studies strongly indicate - CORRECT ANSWER b. starts in
the teens or twenties and persists throughout life" "Which research finding does not confirm a role for serotonin dysfunction in mood disorders? a. Decreased numbers of postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors are found in depressed patients. b. Low 5-HIAA turnover is found in depressed individuals. c. Rapid tryptophan depletion in treated depressed patients causes a relapse in symptoms.
d. Challenge studies indicate that the 5-HT receptors in depressed individuals are less sensitive. -
CORRECT ANSWER a. Decreased numbers of postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors are found in
depressed patients." "All of the following are foods that should be avoided by people taking MAOIsexcept_______. a. aged cheese b. eggs c. wine
d. yeasty breads - CORRECT ANSWER b. eggs"
"Which statement about lithium isfalse? a. It reduces manic symptoms in about 60 to 80% of cases. b. It is taken for the maintenance period of six to eight months and should then be safely withdrawn. c. It is often administered with an antidepressant drug.
d. It dramatically increases the time between recurring episodes of mania and depression. -
CORRECT ANSWER b. It is taken for the maintenance period of six to eight months and should
then be safely withdrawn." "Concerning the incidence and severity of schizophrenia, _______. a. although treatment is available, about 50% of people with the disorder spend a large part of their lives in mental hospitals b. approximately 5% of the general population will receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia at some point in their lifetimes c. the disorder is considered to be chronic and incurable d. the incidence of the disorder is highest among young women in their late teens and early
twenties - CORRECT ANSWER c. the disorder is considered to be chronic and incurable"
"Which of the following does not support the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? a. amphetamine produces a greater release of dopamine in schizophrenics than in control subjects. b. Baseline levels of HVA do not differentiate controls and schizophrenics. c. Increased dopamine receptors are found in postmortem schizophrenic brains. d. Increasing the challenge dose of amphetamine makes schizophrenics' positive symptoms get
progressively worse. - CORRECT ANSWER b. Baseline levels of HVA do not differentiate
controls and schizophrenics." "How can Parkinsonian side effects from antipsychotic medications be treated? a. Use anticholinergic drugs such as Cogentin. b. Because these effects are due to receptor supersensitivity, add another dopamine blocker from the phenothiazine class. c. Use drugs that increase acetylcholine to balance the effects of dopamine blockade.
d. Add an atypical antipsychotic to the traditional neuroleptic medications. - CORRECT
ANSWER a. Use anticholinergic drugs such as Cogentin."
"Which of the following is not a drawback to using the drug clozapine to treat schizophrenia? a. It reduces the seizure threshold. b. It can cause agranulocytosis. c. It causes the dry mouth syndrome.
d. It can cause cardiovascular problems. - CORRECT ANSWER c. It causes the dry mouth
syndrome." "Antipsychotic drugs are sometimes used for treating which symptom(s) in individuals with Parkinson's disease? a. Resting tremor b. Difficulty initiating movement c. Hallucinations or delusions caused by DA agonists
d. Depression - CORRECT ANSWER c. Hallucinations or delusions caused by DA agonists"
"_______ neurons are particularly susceptible to neurofibrillary tangles, which are primarily made of _______ proteins. a. Pyramidal; tau
a. GABAA b. 5-HT2A c. 5-HT1A
d. both GABAA and GABAB - CORRECT ANSWER c. 5-HT1A"
"Which statement about affective disorders is false? a. They are among the most common forms of mental illness. b. They date back to the time of ancient Greece and Hippocrates. c. They are linked more to environmental causes than to brain factors.
d. They include major depression and bipolar disorder. - CORRECT ANSWER c. They are linked
more to environmental causes than to brain factors." "The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression is supported by all of the following except _______. a. chronic stress decreases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) b. acute antidepressant treatment protects neurons by increasing BDNF c. chronic antidepressant treatment increases BDNF in both humans and animals d. BDNF is enhanced by up-regulation in the cAMP cascade, as occurs with treatments for
depression - CORRECT ANSWER d. BDNF is enhanced by up-regulation in the cAMP cascade,
as occurs with treatments for depression" "The greatest danger of the tricyclic antidepressants is _______. a. stroke b. cardiac arrest c. psychosis
d. migraine - CORRECT ANSWER b. cardiac arrest"
"All of the following are alternatives to lithium as treatments for bipolar disorder except _______. a. Tegretol b. Gabitril c. Depakote
d. l-DOPA - CORRECT ANSWER d. l-DOPA"
"Psychoses are characterized by all of the following except _______. a. severe distortions of reality b. affective disturbances
c. problems with intellectual functioning
d. savant-like increases in intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER d. savant-like increases in
intelligence" "What is evidence for a possible role for glutamate in schizophrenic symptoms? a. Overactivity of glutamatergic NMDA receptors can help explain the negative symptoms. b. Overactivity of glutamatergic NMDA receptors can help explain the cognitive symptoms. c. PCP or ketamine can worsen symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. d. Increased levels of glutamate are found in postmortem studies of individuals with
schizophrenia. - CORRECT ANSWER c. PCP or ketamine can worsen symptoms in individuals
with schizophrenia." "Doctors generally take into consideration all of the following side effects when choosing a particular antipsychotic drug for a schizophrenic patient, except for _______. a. sedation b. autonomic side effects c. hypotension
d. abuse potential - CORRECT ANSWER d. abuse potential"
"Results from CATIE, a blinded controlled study comparing multiple antipsychotics to replicate "real-world" prescriptions to a representative patient population, showed all of the following except that _______. a. approximately 75% of patients had to switch medications b. atypical drugs were no more effective than the classical neuroleptic c. the newer drugs did a better job of reducing cognitive symptoms
d. the incidence of extrapyramidal symptom p s was the same for all drugs - CORRECT
ANSWER d. the incidence of extrapyramidal symptom p s was the same for all drugs"
"L-DOPA increases dopamine activity by _______, while the drug selegiline (Eldepryl) does so by _______. Pramipexole (Mirapex) does so by _______. a. increasing synthesis; acting on DA receptors; inhibiting reuptake b. acting on DA receptors; inhibiting reuptake; inhibiting metabolism c. increasing DA cell firing; increasing synthesis; inhibiting reuptake
d. increasing synthesis; inhibiting metabolism; acting on DA receptors - CORRECT ANSWER d.
increasing synthesis; inhibiting metabolism; acting on DA receptors"
b. They occur only if threshold is reached. c. They move passively along the membrane.
d. They are integrated at the axon hillock. - CORRECT ANSWER b. they occur only if threshold
is reached" "What kind of information is carried by the ventral roots of the spinal cord? a. Sensory information from muscles and skin b. Proprioceptive information from joints and muscles c. Motor information to muscles
d. Motor and sensory information - CORRECT ANSWER c. motor information to muscles"
"Releasing hormones from the _______ enter the bloodstream in the median eminence and act on the _______, causing the release of various hormones. a. anterior pituitary; thyroid b. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus c. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
d. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER c. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary"
"In drug-discrimination studies, which agent will produce the same lever-press response as that produced by training with morphine? a. Amphetamine b. Saline c. Methadone
d. Marijuana - CORRECT ANSWER c. methadone"
"Biotransformation of drugs in the liver often occurs in two stages; phase I changes are _______ and include _______. a. nonsynthetic; conjugation b. synthetic; conjugation c. nonsynthetic; oxidation
d. synthetic; oxidation - CORRECT ANSWER c. nonsynthetic; oxidation"
"In order for a drug to have an effect, it must first bind to a _______. a. ligand b. depot site c. receptor
d. neurotransmitter - CORRECT ANSWER c. receptor"
"During the _______ period, no additional action potentials can be created. a. absolute refractory b. conduction c. integration
d. relative refractory - CORRECT ANSWER a. absolute refractory"
"The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______ functions and uses _______ as its neurotransmitter(s). a. energy conservation; acetylcholine b. energy conservation; acetylcholine and norepinephrine c. fight-or-flight; acetylcholine
d. fight-or-flight; acetylcholine and norepinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER d. fight-or-flight;
acetylcholine and norepinephrine" "Binding of neurotrophic factors to their respective trk receptors results in the _______. a. activation of G proteins b. reciprocal phosphorylation of the two receptor molecules c. opening of ion channels
d. activation of second messenger systems - CORRECT ANSWER b. reciprocal phosphorylation
of the two receptor molecules" "Drug-discrimination testing provides a way to observe _______. a. how an organism experiences a drug b. drug-induced euphoria c. the motoric effects of a new therapeutic agent
d. the breaking point for a given drug - CORRECT ANSWER a. how an organism experiences a
drug" "In microdialysis, _______. a. an animal is placed in a stereotaxic apparatus while measurements are taken b. large quantities of fluid must be collected for HPLC analysis c. analysis of the contents of the extracellular fluid can be made
d. chromatography separates substances only by ionic charge, and not by size - CORRECT
ANSWER c. analysis of the contents of the extracellular fluid can be made"
"In immunocytochemistry, _______.
