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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Estimated Average Requirements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies^ Life StageGroup
Calcium (mg/d)
CHO (g/d)
Protein (g/kg/d)
Vit A(μg/d)
a
Vit C(mg/d)
Vit D (μg/d)
Vit E(mg/d)
b
Thiamin(mg/d)
Ribo-flavin(mg/d)
Niacin(mg/d)
c
Vit B
6 (mg/d)
Folate(μg/d)
d
VitB^12 (μg/d)
Copper(μg/d)
Iodine(μg/d)
Iron(mg/d)
Magnes-ium(mg/d)
Molyb-denum(μg/d)
Phos-phorus(mg/d)
Sele-nium(μg/d)
Zinc(mg/d)
Infants^ 0 to 6 mo 6 to 12mo^
1.^
6.^
Children
1–3 y
0.^
0.^
0.^
0.^
3.^
4–8 y
0.^
0.^
0.^
1.^
4.^
Males^ 9–13 y
0.^
0.^
0.^
1.^
5.^
14–18 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
7.^
19–30 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
31–50 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
51–70 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
70 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
Females^ 9–13 y
0.^
0.^
0.^
1.^
5.^
14–18 y
0.^
0.^
1.^
2.^
7.^
19–30 y
0.^
0.^
1.^
2.^
8.^
31–50 y
0.^
0.^
1.^
2.^
8.^
51–70 y
0.^
0.^
1.^
2.^
70 y
0.^
0.^
1.^
2.^
Pregnancy^ 14–18 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
19–30 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
31–50 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
Lactation^ 14–18 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
19–30 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
6.^
31–50 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
6.^
NOTE
: An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a group. EARs have not been established for vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process.
a^ As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1
μg retinol, 12
μg
β-carotene, 24
μg
α-carotene, or 24
μg
β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents
(RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As
α-tocopherol.
α-Tocopherol includes
RRR-
α - tocopherol, the only form of
α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the
2R -stereoisomeric forms of
α-tocopherol (
RRR
-,^ RSR
-,^ RRS
-, and
RSS
that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the
2S -stereoisomeric forms of
α-tocopherol (
SRR
-,^ SSR
-,^ SRS
-, and
SSS
- α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
c As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan. d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1
μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
SOURCES
:^ Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
, Folate, Vitamin B 6
, Pantothenic Acid, 12
Biotin, and Choline
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K,
Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
(2002/2005); and
Dietary Reference
Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
(2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies^ Life Stage
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B
6
Folate
Vitamin B
12
Pantothenic
Biotin
Choline
Group
(μg/d)
a^
(mg/d)
(μg/d)
b,c^
(mg/d)
d^
(μg/d)
(mg/d)
(mg/d)
(mg/d)
e^
(mg/d)
(μg/d)
f^
(μg/d)
Acid (mg/d)
(μg/d)
(mg/d)
g
Infants
0 to 6 mo
4*^
2*^
5*^
6 to 12 mo
5*^
4*^
6*^
Children
1–3 y
0.^
0.^
0.^
0.^
2*^
8*^
4–8 y
0.^
0.^
0.^
1.^
3*^
Males
9–13 y
0.^
0.^
1.^
1.^
4*^
14–18 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
5*^
19–30 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
5*^
31–50 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
2.^
5*^
51–70 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
h 2.
5*^
70 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
h 2.
5*^
Females
9–13 y
0.^
0.^
1.^
1.^
4*^
14–18 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
i^
2.^
5*^
19–30 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
i^
2.^
5*^
31–50 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
i^
2.^
5*^
51–70 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
h 2.
5*^
70 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
h 2.
5*^
Pregnancy
14–18 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
j^
2.^
6*^
19–30 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
j^
2.^
6*^
31–50 y
1.^
1.^
1.^
j^
2.^
6*^
Lactation
14–18 y
1.^
1.^
2.^
2.^
7*^
19–30 y
1.^
1.^
2.^
2.^
7*^
31–50 y
1.^
1.^
2.^
2.^
7*^
NOTE:
This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in
bold type
and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the
average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientificevidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to coverthe needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a^ As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1
μg retinol, 12
μg^
β-carotene, 24
μg
α-carotene, or 24
μg^
β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents
(RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. c^ Under the assumption of minimal sunlight. d^ As
α-tocopherol.
α-Tocopherol includes
RRR-
α - tocopherol, the only form of
α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the
2R
-stereoisomeric forms of
α-tocopherol (
RRR
-,^ RSR
-,^ RRS
-, and
RSS
occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the
2S -stereoisomeric forms of
α-tocopherol (
SRR
-,^ SSR
-,^ SRS
-, and
SSS
- α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e^ As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). f^ As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. g^ Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
h^ Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B
, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B 12
or a supplement containing B 12
i^ In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate
Intakes, Elements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage
Calcium
Chromium
Copper
Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Phosphorus
Selenium
Zinc
Potass-ium
Sodium
Chloride
Group
(mg/d)
(μg/d)
(μg/d)
(mg/d)
(μg/d)
(mg/d)
(mg/d)
(mg/d)
(μg/d)
(mg/d)
(μg/d)
(mg/d)
(g/d)
(g/d)
(g/d)
Infants^ 0 to 6 mo
2*^
2*^
6 to 12 mo
3*^
Children
1–3 y
4–8 y
1*^
Males
9–13 y
2*^
14–18 y
3 *^
19–30 y
4*^
31–50 y
4*^
51–70 y
4*^
70 y
4*^
Females
9–13 y
2*^
14–18 y
3*^
19–30 y
3*^
31–50 y
3*^
51–70 y
3*^
70 y
3*^
Pregnancy
14–18 y
3*^
19–30 y
3*^
31–50 y
3*^
Lactation
14–18 y
3*^
19–30 y
3*^
31–50 y
3*^
NOTE:
This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in
bold type
and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An
RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement(EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other lifestage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage ofindividuals covered by this intake. SOURCES
:^ Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
, Folate, Vitamin B 6
Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
(2000); and
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K,
Arsenic, Boron,
Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and
Sulfate (2005); and
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
(2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate
Intakes, Total Water and Macronutrients
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage
Total
Water a Carbohydrate^ TotalFiber Fat^ LinoleicAcid^ αAcid-Linolenic Protein b
Group (L/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d)
Infants
0 to 6 mo 0.7* 60* ND 31* 4.4* 0.5* 9.1*
6 to 12 mo 0.8* 95* ND 30* 4.6* 0.5* 11.
Children
1–3 y 1.3* 130 19* ND c^ 7* 0.7* 13
4–8 y 1.7* 130 25* ND 10* 0.9* 19
Males
9–13 y 2.4* 130 31* ND 12* 1.2* 34
14–18 y 3.3* 130 38* ND 16* 1.6* 52
19–30 y 3.7* 130 38* ND 17* 1.6* 56
31–50 y 3.7* 130 38* ND 17* 1.6* 56
51–70 y 3.7* 130 30* ND 14* 1.6* 56
> 70 y 3.7* 130 30* ND 14* 1.6* 56
Females
9–13 y 2.1* 130 26* ND 10* 1.0* 34
14–18 y 2.3* 130 26* ND 11* 1.1* 46
19–30 y 2.7* 130 25* ND 12* 1.1* 46
31–50 y 2.7* 130 25* ND 12* 1.1* 46
51–70 y 2.7* 130 21* ND 11* 1.1* 46
> 70 y 2.7* 130 21* ND 11* 1.1* 46
Pregnancy
14–18 y 3.0* 175 28* ND 13* 1.4* 71
19–30 y 3.0* 175 28* ND 13* 1.4* 71
31–50 y 3.0* 175 28* ND 13* 1.4* 71
Lactation
14–18 3.8* 210 29* ND 13* 1.3* 71
19–30 y 3.8* 210 29* ND 13* 1.3* 71
31–50 y 3.8* 210 29* ND 13* 1.3* 71
NOTE: bold type This table (take from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in and Adequate Intakes (AI) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary
intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is
calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish anEAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The
AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of
data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by thisintake.
a Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water.
b Based on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for
the reference body weight. c Not determined.
Amino Acids^ SOURCE :^ Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). The
report may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life StageGroup
VitaminA (μg/d)
a
VitaminC (mg/d)
VitaminD^ (μ
g/d)
Vitamin E(mg/d)
b,c
VitaminK
Thia-min
Ribo-flavin
Niacin(mg/d)
c
VitaminB^ (mg/d)^6
Folate(μg/d)
c
VitaminB^12
Panto-thenicAcid
Bio-tin
Cho-line(g/d)
Carote-noids
d
Infants
0 to 6 mo
ND
e^
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
6 to 12 mo
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Children
1 −3 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.^
ND
4 −8 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.^
ND
Males
9 −13 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.^
ND
18 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
30 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
50 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
70 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
70 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
Females
9 −13 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.^
ND
18 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
30 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
50 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
70 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
70 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
Pregnancy
18 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
30 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
50 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
Lactation
18 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
30 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
50 y
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.^
ND
NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unlessotherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B
pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advisednot to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify theirsensitivity to the nutrient.
a As preformed vitamin A only. b As
α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental
α-tocopherol.
c^ The ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. d β-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. e^ ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. SOURCES
:^ Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
, Folate, Vitamin 6
B, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline^12
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamine E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K,
Arsenic,
Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
(2001); and
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
(2011). These reports may be
accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies^ Life StageGroup
Arsenic
a
Boron(mg/d)
Cal-cium(mg/d)
Chrom-ium
Copper(μg/d)
Fluoride(mg/d)
Iodine(μg/d)
Iron(mg/d)
Magnes-ium(mg/d)
b
Man-ganese(mg/d)
Molyb-denum (μg/d)
Nickel(mg/d)
Phos-phorus (g/d)
Selenium(μg/d)
Silicon
c
Vana-dium(mg/d)
d
Zinc(mg/d)
Sod-ium(g/d)
Chlo-ride(g/d)
Infants
0 to 6 mo
ND
e^
ND
ND
ND
0.^
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
6 to 12 mo
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.^
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Children
1 −3 y
ND
ND
1.^
0.^
ND
ND
1.^
4 −8 y
ND
ND
2.^
0.^
ND
ND
1.^
Males
9 −13 y
ND
ND
0.^
ND
ND
2.^
18 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
ND
2.^
30 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
50 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
70 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
70 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
Females
9 −13 y
ND
ND
0.^
ND
ND
2.^
18 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
ND
2.^
30 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
50 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
70 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
70 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
1.^
2.^
Pregnancy
18 y
ND
ND
1.^
3.^
ND
ND
2.^
30 y
ND
ND
1.^
3.^
ND
ND
2.^
50 y
ND
ND
1.^
3.^
ND
ND
2.^
Lactation
18 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
ND
2.^
30 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
ND
2.^
50 y
ND
ND
1.^
ND
ND
2.^
NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise
specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B
, pantothenic acid, biotin, and 12
carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The ULis not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient. a Although the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements. b^ The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water. c Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. d Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on
adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. e ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of
intake. SOURCES
:^ Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
, Folate, Vitamin B 6
Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K,
Arsenic, Boron,
Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
(2005); and
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
(2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
