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high amounts of food without gaining fat. Human infants are believed to maintain more BAT to aid in the maintenance of body. Again there is some question as to the amount and actual role BAT plays in adult humans but there is evidence that other uncoupling proteins exist in other tissues of the body.
UCP-1 is the uncoupling protein found in the BAT. Recently other uncoupling proteins have been found in fat storage cells, the brain and muscles. These proteins are called UCP- and UPC-3, respectively. This finding helps to explain how, even with minimal amounts of brown fat, people may be able to accelerate their metabolism to compensate for overeating. In obese individuals it is theorized that these uncoupling proteins are defective and fail to enhance metabolism with the consumption of food.
When laboratory rats are overfed they gain less weight than is expected based on the level of positive caloric balance. Scientists attribute this to activation of the sympathetic nervous system in BAT, causing an accelerated metabolism. The rodents have shown an increase in BAT in response to the overeating. Interestingly, some rats fail to increase BAT with the food consumption and become obese. Investigations using humans have been less definitive than the studies using animals, which may explain the uncoupling proteins found in other areas of the human body.
The problem with analyzing humans in the same manner we analyze animals is obvious. But, a study done in the early seventies gave scientists a more direct look at this phenomenon. The scientists used human cadavers ranging in age up to 80. The evidence suggests that humans have a similar response to the thermogenesis found in animals. The study showed that up until age 10 brown adipose tissue is widely distributed throughout the body. By the age of thirty though, most brown adipose tissue disappears from the body. The brown fat that remains well into old age mainly surrounds central organs, and is found in the chest cavity and neck.
In most studies performed on living humans the evidence fails to show high statistical significance. This is often due to the study methodology and procedures used. Many times the humans in the studies were not adequately measured, unequal food consumption was common, factors such as exercise, smoking and nutritional status all varied. These factors would all lead to inconclusive data collection. Almost all studies though, showed varying amounts of diet induced thermogenesis. With most people reaching peak DIT within four hours after eating and lean individuals peaking even earlier.
Weight gain was originally thought to be only a function of calories. This though is not the case. If it were we could adjust calories and easily predict an outcome. A study done on prisoners in a Vermont correctional facility did just that. Scientists modified the diets of the volunteers from the prison population based on their relative metabolisms. They found an initial increase in weight gain to be 21% of the expected based on the calories consumed. They were further astonished by the fact that as the trial went on the men had more difficulty gaining additional weight. Some actually lost weight. They found that to increase body weight to a greater degree they had to increase caloric intake well over 7000 kcal.
The study found a great variability in each individual’s ability to gain weight. Although the DIT was not measured the scientists concluded that the thermic affect of the food was a main contributor to this response. There are several theories as to the reasons for this phenomenon. The popular speculation being that human ancestors developed this defense against obesity when food consumption was high to maintain adequate nutrition from foods holding only trace amounts of essential nutrients.
Although the link between obesity and a defective thermic response have not been proven there is quite a bit of evidence that
points to this possibility. If there is a high variance in DIT in all humans due to the uncoupling proteins found throughout the body many of the variances in weight gain could be explained. This may also give more credibility to theories such as “Set-point” which uses predisposed genetic factors as the
explanation for weight gain and difficulties with weight loss. Never-the-less, exercise and a calorie controlled healthy diet, low in fat and high in nutrient rich carbohydrates can help prevent the occurrence of obesity in most people.
Quiz
- What is responsible for the contribution to energy expenditure from “Diet-induced thermogenesis”?
A. Energy needed to support ingestion, digestion, absorption, and transport of blood B. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity C. Blockage to adipose tissue mobility D. A & B only E. All the above
- What is TRUE of Brown Adipose Tissue?
A. Contains less fat B. Maintain a high number of mitochondria C. Contain uncoupling proteins D. Produce heat without ATP E. All the above
- What is an Uncoupling Protein?
A. Protein that acts on oxidative phosphorylation B. Protein that can produce heat C. Protein located in the digestive organs D. A & B only E. All the above
- BAT is found in abundance until what age?
A. 6 B. 10 C. 18 D. 24 E. 30
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