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Diabetes - Type 2-Medicine, Study notes of Medicine

The University of SheffieldMedicine

This document provides a comprehensive overview of Type 2 Diabetes, focusing on its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, and diagnostic criteria. It explains that Type 2 Diabetes is primarily caused by insulin resistance, leading to hyperglycemia, and may eventually result in pancreatic failure. Key symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia, with obesity and family history being major risk factors. The guide details diagnostic tests like the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbA1c levels, and discusses complications such as Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS). It also outlines treatment options, including insulin and IV fluids, making it a valuable resource for understanding Type 2 Diabetes management.

Typology: Study notes

2024/2025

Available from 03/12/2025

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3/12/25, 1:39 PM Diabetes - Type 2 Chronic elevation of blood glucose Caused by: * insufficient insulin production by pancreas Diabetes - Type 2 + insufficient response to insulin (insulin resistance) Type 2 Diabetes Caused by Insulin resistance. Muscle, adipose and liver become resistant to insulin + hyperglycaemia as a result of poor response to insulin + Pancreas responds increasing insulin production, so high level of insulin not ‘uncommon + Eventually pancreas can fail leading to low insulin. Either high or low insulin not uncommon in T2DM, depends on stage of disease. + Classic histological finding is amyloid in pancreatic islets Risk factor * More common in adults Diabetes - Type 2 about:blank Clinical features: Often asymptomatic ‘Symptoms caused by hyperglycaemia + Polyuria (due to osmotic diuresis due to glucose) + Polydipsia (thirst to replace lost fluids in urine) Acanthosis Nigricans (associated with insulin resistance) - hyperpigmented plaques seen on skin fold sites (ntertriginous sites). Classically neck or axillae. 1/4