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Criminal Justice and Immigration Act
CHAPTER 4
CONTENTS
P ART 1
Y OUTH REHABILITATION ORDERS
Youth rehabilitation orders 1 Youth rehabilitation orders 2 Breach, revocation or amendment of youth rehabilitation orders 3 Transfer of youth rehabilitation orders to Northern Ireland 4 Meaning of “the responsible officer” 5 Responsible officer and offender: duties in relation to the other
Supplementary 6 Abolition of certain youth orders and related amendments 7 Youth rehabilitation orders: interpretation 8 Isles of Scilly
P ART 2
S ENTENCING
General sentencing provisions 9 Purposes etc. of sentencing: offenders under 18 10 Effect of restriction on imposing community sentences 11 Restriction on power to make a community order 12 Pre-sentence reports
ii Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c.^^4 )
Custodial sentences 13 Sentences of imprisonment for public protection 14 Sentences of detention for public protection 15 Extended sentences for certain violent or sexual offences: persons 18 or over 16 Extended sentences for certain violent or sexual offences: persons under 18 17 The assessment of dangerousness 18 Further amendments relating to sentences for public protection 19 Indeterminate sentences: determination of tariffs 20 Consecutive terms of imprisonment
Release and recall of prisoners 21 Credit for period of remand on bail: terms of imprisonment and detention 22 Credit for period of remand on bail: other cases 23 Credit for period of remand on bail: transitional provisions 24 Minimum conditions for early release under section 246(1) of Criminal Justice Act 2003 25 Release on licence under Criminal Justice Act 2003 of prisoners serving extended sentences 26 Release of certain long-term prisoners under Criminal Justice Act 1991 27 Application of section 35(1) of Criminal Justice Act 1991 to prisoners liable to removal from the UK 28 Release of fine defaulters and contemnors under Criminal Justice Act 1991 29 Release of prisoners after recall 30 Further review and release of prisoners after recall 31 Recall of life prisoners: abolition of requirement for recommendation by Parole Board 32 Release of prisoners recalled following release under Criminal Justice Act 1991
Early removal of prisoners from the United Kingdom 33 Removal under Criminal Justice Act 1991 34 Removal under Criminal Justice Act 2003
Referral orders 35 Referral conditions 36 Power to revoke a referral order 37 Extension of period for which young offender contract has effect
Enforcement of sentences 38 Imposition of unpaid work requirement for breach of community order 39 Youth default orders 40 Power to impose attendance centre requirement on fine defaulter 41 Disclosure of information for enforcing fines
iv Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c.^^4 )
62 Annual report on Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998
P ART 5
C RIMINAL LAW
Pornography etc. 63 Possession of extreme pornographic images 64 Exclusion of classified films etc. 65 Defences: general 66 Defence: participation in consensual acts 67 Penalties etc. for possession of extreme pornographic images 68 Special rules relating to providers of information society services 69 Indecent photographs of children: England and Wales 70 Indecent photographs of children: Northern Ireland 71 Maximum penalty for publication etc. of obscene articles
Sexual offences 72 Offences committed outside the United Kingdom 73 Grooming and adoption
Hatred on the grounds of sexual orientation 74 Hatred on the grounds of sexual orientation
Offences relating to nuclear material and nuclear facilities 75 Offences relating to the physical protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities
Self-defence etc. 76 Reasonable force for purposes of self-defence etc.
Unlawfully obtaining etc. personal data 77 Power to alter penalty for unlawfully obtaining etc. personal data 78 New defence for purposes of journalism and other special purposes
Blasphemy 79 Abolition of common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel
P ART 6
I NTERNATIONAL CO - OPERATION IN RELATION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE MATTERS
Recognition of financial penalties: requests to other member States 80 Requests to other member States: England and Wales 81 Procedure on issue of certificate: England and Wales 82 Requests to other member States: Northern Ireland
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) (^) v
83 Procedure on issue of certificate: Northern Ireland
Recognition of financial penalties: requests from other member States 84 Requests from other member States: England and Wales 85 Procedure on receipt of certificate by designated officer 86 Modification of Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 87 Requests from other member States: Northern Ireland 88 Procedure on receipt of certificate by clerk of petty sessions 89 Modification of Magistrates’ Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 90 Transfer of certificates to central authority for Scotland
Recognition of financial penalties: miscellaneous 91 Recognition of financial penalties: general 92 Interpretation of sections 80 to 91 etc.
Repatriation of prisoners 93 Delivery of prisoner to place abroad for purposes of transfer out of the United Kingdom 94 Issue of warrant transferring responsibility for detention and release of an offender to or from the relevant Minister 95 Powers to arrest and detain persons believed to fall within section 4A(3) of Repatriation of Prisoners Act 1984 96 Amendments relating to Scotland
Mutual legal assistance in revenue matters 97 Power to transfer functions under Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 in relation to direct taxation
P ART 7
V IOLENT OFFENDER ORDERS
Violent offender orders 98 Violent offender orders 99 Qualifying offenders 100 Applications for violent offender orders 101 Making of violent offender orders 102 Provisions that orders may contain 103 Variation, renewal or discharge of violent offender orders 104 Interim violent offender orders 105 Notice of applications 106 Appeals
Notification requirements 107 Offenders subject to notification requirements 108 Notification requirements: initial notification 109 Notification requirements: changes 110 Notification requirements: periodic notification
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) (^) vii
P ART 10
S PECIAL IMMIGRATION STATUS
130 Designation 131 “Foreign criminal” 132 Effect of designation 133 Conditions 134 Support 135 Support: supplemental 136 End of designation 137 Interpretation: general
P ART 11
M ISCELLANEOUS
Industrial action by prison officers 138 Amendment of section 127 of Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 139 Power to suspend the operation of section 127 of Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
Sex offenders 140 Disclosure of information about convictions etc. of child sex offenders to members of the public 141 Sexual offences prevention orders: relevant sexual offences 142 Notification requirements: prescribed information
Persistent sales of tobacco to persons under 18 143 Persistent sales of tobacco to persons under 18
Penalties for serious contraventions of data protection principles 144 Power to require data controllers to pay monetary penalty
Armed forces legislation 145 Amendments to armed forces legislation
Automatic deportation of criminals 146 Convention against human trafficking
P ART 12
G ENERAL
147 Orders, rules and regulations 148 Consequential etc. amendments and transitional and saving provision 149 Repeals and revocations 150 Financial provisions
viii Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c.^^4 )
151 Effect of amendments to criminal justice provisions applied for purposes of service law 152 Extent 153 Commencement 154 Short title
Schedule 1 — Further provisions about youth rehabilitation orders Part 1 — Provisions to be included in youth rehabilitation orders Part 2 — Requirements Part 3 — Provisions applying where court proposes to make youth rehabilitation order Part 4 — Provisions applying where court makes youth rehabilitation order etc. Schedule 2 — Breach, revocation or amendment of youth rehabilitation orders Part 1 — Preliminary Part 2 — Breach of requirement of order Part 3 — Revocation of order Part 4 — Amendment of order Part 5 — Powers of court in relation to order following subsequent conviction Part 6 — Supplementary Schedule 3 — Transfer of youth rehabilitation orders to Northern Ireland Part 1 — Making or amendment of a youth rehabilitation order where offender resides or proposes to reside in Northern Ireland Part 2 — Provisions relating to an order made or amended under Part 1 Schedule 4 — Youth rehabilitation orders: consequential and related amendments Part 1 — Consequential amendments Part 2 — Related amendments Schedule 5 — Offences specified for the purposes of sections 225(3A) and 227(2A) of Criminal Justice Act 2003 Schedule 6 — Credit for period of remand on bail: transitional provisions Schedule 7 — Youth default orders: modification of provisions applying to youth rehabilitation orders Schedule 8 — Appeals in criminal cases Part 1 — Amendments of Criminal Appeal Act 1968 Part 2 — Amendments of Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 Part 3 — Amendments of other Acts Schedule 9 — Alternatives to prosecution for persons under 18 Schedule 10 — Protection for spent cautions under Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 Schedule 11 — Electronic monitoring of persons released on bail subject to conditions Schedule 12 — Bail for summary offences and certain other offences to be tried summarily Schedule 13 — Allocation of cases triable either way etc. Schedule 14 — Special rules relating to providers of information society services Schedule 15 — Sexual offences: grooming and adoption
ELIZABETH II c. 4
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act
2008 CHAPTER 4
An Act to make further provision about criminal justice (including provision
about the police) and dealing with offenders and defaulters; to make further
provision about the management of offenders; to amend the criminal law; to
make further provision for combatting crime and disorder; to make provision
about the mutual recognition of financial penalties; to amend the Repatriation
of Prisoners Act 1984; to make provision for a new immigration status in
certain cases involving criminality; to make provision about the automatic
deportation of criminals under the UK Borders Act 2007; to amend section 127
of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 and to confer power to
suspend the operation of that section; and for connected purposes.
[8th May 2008]
E IT ENACTED by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
P ART 1
Y OUTH REHABILITATION ORDERS
Youth rehabilitation orders
1 Youth rehabilitation orders
(1) Where a person aged under 18 is convicted of an offence, the court by or before which the person is convicted may in accordance with Schedule 1 make an order (in this Part referred to as a “youth rehabilitation order”) imposing on the person any one or more of the following requirements—
B
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) Part 1 — Youth rehabilitation orders
(a) an activity requirement (see paragraphs 6 to 8 of Schedule 1), (b) a supervision requirement (see paragraph 9 of that Schedule), (c) in a case where the offender is aged 16 or 17 at the time of the conviction, an unpaid work requirement (see paragraph 10 of that Schedule), (d) a programme requirement (see paragraph 11 of that Schedule), (e) an attendance centre requirement (see paragraph 12 of that Schedule), (f) a prohibited activity requirement (see paragraph 13 of that Schedule), (g) a curfew requirement (see paragraph 14 of that Schedule), (h) an exclusion requirement (see paragraph 15 of that Schedule), (i) a residence requirement (see paragraph 16 of that Schedule), (j) a local authority residence requirement (see paragraph 17 of that Schedule), (k) a mental health treatment requirement (see paragraph 20 of that Schedule), (l) a drug treatment requirement (see paragraph 22 of that Schedule), (m) a drug testing requirement (see paragraph 23 of that Schedule), (n) an intoxicating substance treatment requirement (see paragraph 24 of that Schedule), and (o) an education requirement (see paragraph 25 of that Schedule).
(2) A youth rehabilitation order— (a) may also impose an electronic monitoring requirement (see paragraph 26 of Schedule 1), and (b) must do so if paragraph 2 of that Schedule so requires.
(3) A youth rehabilitation order may be— (a) a youth rehabilitation order with intensive supervision and surveillance (see paragraph 3 of Schedule 1), or (b) a youth rehabilitation order with fostering (see paragraph 4 of that Schedule).
(4) But a court may only make an order mentioned in subsection (3)(a) or (b) if— (a) the court is dealing with the offender for an offence which is punishable with imprisonment, (b) the court is of the opinion that the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it, was so serious that, but for paragraph 3 or 4 of Schedule 1, a custodial sentence would be appropriate (or, if the offender was aged under 12 at the time of conviction, would be appropriate if the offender had been aged 12), and (c) if the offender was aged under 15 at the time of conviction, the court is of the opinion that the offender is a persistent offender.
(5) Schedule 1 makes further provision about youth rehabilitation orders.
(6) This section is subject to— (a) sections 148 and 150 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) (restrictions on community sentences etc.), and (b) the provisions of Parts 1 and 3 of Schedule 1.
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) Part 1 — Youth rehabilitation orders
(a) to make any arrangements that are necessary in connection with the requirements imposed by the order, (b) to promote the offender’s compliance with those requirements, and (c) where appropriate, to take steps to enforce those requirements.
(2) In subsection (1) “responsible officer” does not include a person falling within section 4(1)(a).
(3) In giving instructions in pursuance of a youth rehabilitation order relating to an offender, the responsible officer must ensure, as far as practicable, that any instruction is such as to avoid— (a) any conflict with the offender’s religious beliefs, (b) any interference with the times, if any, at which the offender normally works or attends school or any other educational establishment, and (c) any conflict with the requirements of any other youth rehabilitation order to which the offender may be subject.
(4) The Secretary of State may by order provide that subsection (3) is to have effect with such additional restrictions as may be specified in the order.
(5) An offender in respect of whom a youth rehabilitation order is in force— (a) must keep in touch with the responsible officer in accordance with such instructions as the offender may from time to time be given by that officer, and (b) must notify the responsible officer of any change of address.
(6) The obligation imposed by subsection (5) is enforceable as if it were a requirement imposed by the order.
Supplementary
6 Abolition of certain youth orders and related amendments
(1) Chapters 1, 2, 4 and 5 of Part 4 of (and Schedules 3 and 5 to 7 to) the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6) (curfew orders, exclusion orders, attendance centre orders, supervision orders and action plan orders) cease to have effect.
(2) Part 1 of Schedule 4 makes amendments consequential on provisions of this Part.
(3) Part 2 of Schedule 4 makes minor amendments regarding other community orders which are related to the consequential amendments in Part 1 of that Schedule.
7 Youth rehabilitation orders: interpretation
(1) In this Part, except where the contrary intention appears— “accommodation provided by or on behalf of a local authority” has the same meaning as it has in the Children Act 1989 (c. 41) by virtue of section 105 of that Act; “activity requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 6 of Schedule 1;
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) Part 1 — Youth rehabilitation orders
“associated”, in relation to offences, is to be read in accordance with section 161(1) of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6); “attendance centre” has the meaning given by section 221(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44); “attendance centre requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 12 of Schedule 1; “curfew requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 14 of Schedule 1; “custodial sentence” has the meaning given by section 76 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000; “detention and training order” has the same meaning as it has in that Act by virtue of section 163 of that Act; “drug treatment requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 22 of Schedule 1; “drug testing requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 23 of Schedule 1; “education requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 25 of Schedule 1; “electronic monitoring requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 26 of Schedule 1; “exclusion requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 15 of Schedule 1; “extended activity requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 3 of Schedule 1; “fostering requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order with fostering, has the meaning given by paragraph 18 of Schedule 1; “guardian” has the same meaning as in the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (c. 12); “intoxicating substance treatment requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 24 of Schedule 1; “local authority” means— (a) in relation to England— (i) a county council, (ii) a district council whose district does not form part of an area that has a county council, (iii) a London borough council, or (iv) the Common Council of the City of London in its capacity as a local authority, and (b) in relation to Wales— (i) a county council, or (ii) a county borough council; “local authority residence requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 17 of Schedule 1; “local probation board” means a local probation board established under section 4 of the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (c. 43); “mental health treatment requirement”, in relation to a youth rehabilitation order, has the meaning given by paragraph 20 of Schedule 1;
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) Part 2 — Sentencing
P ART 2
S ENTENCING
General sentencing provisions
9 Purposes etc. of sentencing: offenders under 18
(1) After section 142 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) insert—
“142A Purposes etc. of sentencing: offenders under 18
(1) This section applies where a court is dealing with an offender aged under 18 in respect of an offence.
(2) The court must have regard to— (a) the principal aim of the youth justice system (which is to prevent offending (or re-offending) by persons aged under 18: see section 37(1) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998), (b) in accordance with section 44 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933, the welfare of the offender, and (c) the purposes of sentencing mentioned in subsection (3) (so far as it is not required to do so by paragraph (a)).
(3) Those purposes of sentencing are— (a) the punishment of offenders, (b) the reform and rehabilitation of offenders, (c) the protection of the public, and (d) the making of reparation by offenders to persons affected by their offences.
(4) This section does not apply— (a) to an offence the sentence for which is fixed by law, (b) to an offence the sentence for which falls to be imposed under— (i) section 51A(2) of the Firearms Act 1968 (minimum sentence for certain firearms offences), (ii) section 29(6) of the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 (minimum sentences in certain cases of using someone to mind a weapon), or (iii) section 226(2) of this Act (detention for life for certain dangerous offenders), or (c) in relation to the making under Part 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983 of a hospital order (with or without a restriction order), an interim hospital order, a hospital direction or a limitation direction.”
(2) In section 142 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (purposes of sentencing in relation to offenders aged 18 or over at the time of conviction)— (a) in the heading, at the end insert “: offenders aged 18 or over”, and (b) in subsection (2)(a) omit “at the time of conviction”.
(3) In section 44 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (c. 12) (general
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) Part 2 — Sentencing
considerations) after subsection (1) insert—
“(1A) Subsection (1) is to be read with paragraphs (a) and (c) of section 142A(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (which require a court dealing with an offender aged under 18 also to have regard to the principal aim of the youth justice system and the specified purposes of sentencing).
(1B) Accordingly, in determining in the case of an offender whether it should take steps as mentioned in subsection (1), the court shall also have regard to the matters mentioned in those paragraphs.”
(4) In section 42(1) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37) (interpretation of Part 3 of Act), after the definition of “local authority” insert— ““offending” includes re-offending;”.
10 Effect of restriction on imposing community sentences
In section 148 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) (restrictions on imposing community sentences), after subsection (4) insert—
“(5) The fact that by virtue of any provision of this section— (a) a community sentence may be passed in relation to an offence; or (b) particular restrictions on liberty may be imposed by a community order or youth rehabilitation order, does not require a court to pass such a sentence or to impose those restrictions.”
11 Restriction on power to make a community order
(1) After section 150 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (community sentence not available where sentence fixed by law etc.) insert—
“150A Community order available only for offences punishable with imprisonment or for persistent offenders previously fined
(1) The power to make a community order is only exercisable in respect of an offence if— (a) the offence is punishable with imprisonment; or (b) in any other case, section 151(2) confers power to make such an order.
(2) For the purposes of this section and section 151 an offence triable either way that was tried summarily is to be regarded as punishable with imprisonment only if it is so punishable by the sentencing court (and for this purpose section 148(1) is to be disregarded).”
(2) Section 151 of that Act (community order for persistent offender previously fined) is amended as follows.
(3) Before subsection (1) insert—
“(A1) Subsection (2) provides for the making of a community order by the court in respect of an offence (“the current offence”) committed by a person to whom subsection (1) or (1A) applies.”
(4) In subsection (1)—
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) Part 2 — Sentencing
(3B) The condition in this subsection is that the notional minimum term is at least two years.
(3C) The notional minimum term is the part of the sentence that the court would specify under section 82A(2) of the Sentencing Act (determination of tariff) if it imposed a sentence of imprisonment for public protection but was required to disregard the matter mentioned in section 82A(3)(b) of that Act (crediting periods of remand).”
(2) After Schedule 15 to that Act, insert the Schedule set out in Schedule 5 to this Act.
14 Sentences of detention for public protection
In section 226 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) (detention for life or detention for public protection), for subsection (3) substitute—
“(3) In a case not falling within subsection (2), the court may impose a sentence of detention for public protection if the notional minimum term is at least two years.
(3A) The notional minimum term is the part of the sentence that the court would specify under section 82A(2) of the Sentencing Act (determination of tariff) if it imposed a sentence of detention for public protection but was required to disregard the matter mentioned in section 82A(3)(b) of that Act (crediting periods of remand).”
15 Extended sentences for certain violent or sexual offences: persons 18 or over
(1) Section 227 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (extended sentence for certain violent or sexual offences: persons 18 or over) is amended as follows.
(2) In subsection (1)— (a) in paragraph (a) the words “, other than a serious offence,” are omitted, and (b) after paragraph (b) insert “, but (c) the court is not required by section 225(2) to impose a sentence of imprisonment for life.”
(3) In subsection (2) — (a) for “The court must” substitute “The court may”, and (b) for the words from “that is to say” to the end substitute “if the condition in subsection (2A) or the condition in subsection (2B) is met.”
(4) After subsection (2) insert—
“(2A) The condition in this subsection is that, at the time the offence was committed, the offender had been convicted of an offence specified in Schedule 15A.
(2B) The condition in this subsection is that, if the court were to impose an extended sentence of imprisonment, the term that it would specify as the appropriate custodial term would be at least 4 years.
(2C) An extended sentence of imprisonment is a sentence of imprisonment the term of which is equal to the aggregate of— (a) the appropriate custodial term, and
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4 ) Part 2 — Sentencing
(b) a further period (“the extension period”) for which the offender is to be subject to a licence and which is of such length as the court considers necessary for the purpose of protecting members of the public from serious harm occasioned by the commission by him of further specified offences.”
(5) In subsection (3) for “subsection (2)” substitute “subsections (2B) and (2C)”.
(6) After subsection (5) insert—
“(6) The Secretary of State may by order amend subsection (2B) so as to substitute a different period for the period for the time being specified in that subsection.”
16 Extended sentences for certain violent or sexual offences: persons under 18
(1) Section 228 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) (extended sentence for certain violent or sexual offences: persons under 18) is amended as follows.
(2) In subsection (1)(b)(ii) the words from “or by section 226(3)” to the end are omitted.
(3) In subsection (2) — (a) for “The court must” substitute “The court may”, and (b) for the words from “, that is to say” to the end substitute “if the condition in subsection (2A) is met.”
(4) After subsection (2) insert—
“(2A) The condition in this subsection is that, if the court were to impose an extended sentence of detention, the term that it would specify as the appropriate custodial term would be at least 4 years.
(2B) An extended sentence of detention is a sentence of detention the term of which is equal to the aggregate of— (a) the appropriate custodial term, and (b) a further period (“the extension period”) for which the offender is to be subject to a licence and which is of such length as the court considers necessary for the purpose of protecting members of the public from serious harm occasioned by the commission by him of further specified offences.”
(5) In subsection (3)— (a) for “subsection (2)” substitute “subsections (2A) and (2B)”, and (b) paragraph (a) is omitted.
(6) After subsection (6) insert—
“(7) The Secretary of State may by order amend subsection (2A) so as to substitute a different period for the period for the time being specified in that subsection.”
17 The assessment of dangerousness
(1) Section 229 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (the assessment of dangerousness) is amended as follows.
(2) In subsection (2)—
