Download Pharmacy Education: Definition, Importance, and Criteria for Professionals and more Slides Pharmacy in PDF only on Docsity!
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Guidance on Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for the Profession of Pharmacy
In January 2015, the ACPE Board of Directors adopted a revised Definition of Continuing
Education for the Profession of Pharmacy which better describes the quality of continuing
pharmacy education (CPE) required by ACPE and assists accredited providers of CPE in planning activities applicable to the professional development of pharmacists and pharmacy
technicians. CPE, as defined by ACPE, is an integral and essential component of the broader approach to learning that is continuing professional development (CPD). Continuing
professional development provides a process for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to meet and maintain defined competencies in areas relevant to their respective professional
responsibilities, i.e. Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) Educational Outcomes (2013), Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) knowledge statements
(2013) [Appendix A].
Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) :
A structured educational activity designed or intended to support the continuing development of
pharmacists and/or pharmacy technicians to maintain and enhance their competence. Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) should promote problem-solving and critical thinking and
be applicable to the practice of pharmacy.
Continuing Professional Development (CPD):
A self-directed, ongoing, systematic and outcomes-focused approach to lifelong learning that is applied into practice. It involves the process of active participation in formal and informal
learning activities that assist in developing and maintaining competence, enhancing professional practice, and supporting achievement of career goals. The CPD approach is cyclical in nature
where each stage of the process can be recorded in a personal learning portfolio.
The CPD Cycle
Continuing professional development should include a wide variety of methods for attaining new
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values. CPD learning experiences should be based on an assessment of needs and goals (REFLECT), generated from a personal development plan with
outcomes-based objectives (PLAN), and evaluated for achievement of objectives and personal and professional impact (EVALUATE). Key to the CPD approach is linking learning to practice
(APPLY).
REFLECT
The REFLECT stage requires pharmacists to reflect on their personal and professional lives
and self-assess their learning needs and goals. Areas requiring professional development
should be identified. It is important to pinpoint what specific knowledge or skills are needed. Peer assessment can offer valuable insights to assist a pharmacist in identifying true learning
needs.
PLAN
The PLAN stage involves formulating a personal development plan to accomplish identified
learning needs. Planning involves the process of defining learning objectives, learning activities,
required resources and measures of success, and articulating the plan with colleagues to support learning over an extended period of time. Learning needs should be prioritized based
on importance and urgency in order to guide development of a plan specifying both short-term and long-term goals.
LEARN and APPLY
In the LEARN stage, the pharmacist puts the personal development plan into action to meet identified learning objectives utilizing an appropriate range of learning activities and methods. In
the CPD model, the pharmacist is not limited to ACPE-accredited educational activities but may find relevant learning activities from other sources, such as academic programs, or specialized
training courses. In the APPLY stage , l earned knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values are then applied into practice.
EVALUATE
The EVALUATE stage involves the pharmacist assessing how successful the personal
development plan has been in meeting stated learning needs by considering outcomes and impact. If learning needs were not fully met, it may be possible to identify further development
needs at this stage. Activities that resulted in practice changes or beneficial patient outcomes are analyzed. Personal evaluation leads to reflection, which continues the ongoing cyclical
process of CPD.
Documentation of each stage in the CPD cycle in a personal portfolio can support reflection and
evaluation and provide evidence of the work involved to others (e.g. employers, professors, regulatory agencies). The portfolio should be simple to use, readily accessible, and developed
over time into a comprehensive record of learning experiences which acts as an ongoing tool for review and self-evaluation.
- Completing certification courses (e.g. advanced cardiac life support, certified diabetes educator)
- Completing an independent study (e.g. directed study with defined objectives, outcomes, assessment)
- Reading and reflecting on healthcare articles and literature
- Leading or participating in journal clubs
Scholarly Activities
Generating and disseminating knowledge through scholarly activities may enhance professional
practice and support achievement of career goals. These may include:
- Conducting research in one’s professional field
- Preparing or writing grant proposals
- Presenting and/or publishing scholarly works
- Serving as content reviewer for publications, dissertation, or other scholarly works
- Test-item writing (e.g. high stakes examinations, peer-reviewed self-assessment activities, or researching, drafting, and defending questions)
Teaching and Precepting
Active involvement in the education and training of others may support advancing one’s expertise, the achievement of one’s career goals, and enhancement of professional
development. Such activities include:
- Developing, presenting, and/or authoring educational content (e.g. academic course, seminar/webinar, publication)
- Teaching and precepting students, residents, or other healthcare professionals
- Peer coaching or mentoring programs (e.g. mentor or mentee)
Workplace Activities Experiences in one’s workplace can present opportunities for learning and professional
development. Examples include:
- Engaging in point-of-care (PoC) learning, i.e. self-directed learning on topics relevant to clinical practice
- In-service training to learn a new skill
- Job shadowing (e.g. observing experienced professional for a defined period of time with assessment of impact on one’s professional role)
- Preparing for or participating in external review, accreditation, or certification process
- Implementing performance improvement projects (e.g. current practice assessment, implement PI changes, evaluate impact/change)
- Consultation with peers and healthcare experts to address a practice problem or learning need or goal
- Serving on committees (e.g. self-study, institutional review boards, pharmacy and therapeutics, medication safety, medication therapy management)
Professional/Community Service
Contributions and leadership in professional and community activities may be relevant to the development of personal competence. Such opportunities should align with one’s professional
or career goals and may include:
- Serving on a committee, workgroup, or holding office in a professional association
- Active involvement in professional associations/organizations
- Training for or involvement in advocacy
- Volunteer experiences or special interest groups, e.g. emergency preparedness, Red Cross
- Developing interprofessional and/or outreach initiatives for health professionals and students
In summary, when selecting CPD activities, consideration should be given to incorporating a
wide variety of learning formats and methods that can meet one’s professional development
needs and goals. Resources (e.g. expertise/access, financial, technology, etc.) should also be considered when selecting an activity to support professional development. The breadth of
activities selected should meet identified learning objectives and collectively address the competency areas relevant to one’s practice.
2.3. Health and wellness (Promoter) - Design prevention, intervention, and educational strategies for individuals and communities to manage chronic disease and improve health and wellness. 2.4. Population-based care (Provider) - Describe how population-based care influences patient centered care and influences the development of practice guidelines and evidence-based best practices.
Domain 3 - Approach to Practice and Care 3.1. Problem Solving (Problem Solver) – Identify problems; explore and prioritize potential strategies; and design, implement, and evaluate a viable solution. 3.2. Educator (Educator) – Educate all audiences by determining the most effective and enduring ways to impart information and assess understanding. 3.3. Patient Advocacy (Advocate) - Assure that patients’ best interests are represented. 3.4. Interprofessional collaboration (Collaborator) – Actively participate and engage as a healthcare team member by demonstrating mutual respect, understanding, and values to meet patient care needs. 3.5. Cultural sensitivity (Includer) - Recognize social determinants of health to diminish disparities and inequities in access to quality care. 3.6. Communication (Communicator) – Effectively communicate verbally and nonverbally when interacting with an individual, group, or organization.
Domain 4 – Personal and Professional Development 4.1. Self-awareness (Self-aware) – Examine and reflect on personal knowledge, skills, abilities, beliefs, biases, motivation, and emotions that could enhance or limit personal and professional growth. 4.2. Leadership (Leader) - Demonstrate responsibility for creating and achieving shared goals, regardless of position. 4.3. Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Innovator) - Engage in innovative activities by using creative thinking to envision better ways of accomplishing professional goals. 4.4. Professionalism (Professional) - Exhibit behaviors and values that are consistent with the trust given to the profession by patients, other healthcare providers, and society.
Pharmacy Technician Competencies. Specific pharmacy technician knowledge statements (numbers 1.0 – 9.0) have been developed by the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) (2013):
1.0 Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians 1.1 Generic and brand names of pharmaceuticals 1.2 Therapeutic equivalence 1.3 Drug interactions (e.g., drug-disease, drug-drug, drug-dietary supplement, drug- OTC, drug-laboratory, drug-nutrient) 1.4* Strengths/dose, dosage forms, physical appearance, routes of administration, and duration of drug therapy 1.5 Common and severe side or adverse effects, allergies, and therapeutic contraindications associated with medications 1.6 Dosage and indication of legend, OTC medications, herbal and dietary
2.0 Pharmacy Law and Regulations 2.1 Storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes (e.g., MSDS) 2.2 Hazardous substances exposure, prevention and treatment (e.g., eyewash, spill kit, MSDS)
2.3 Controlled substance transfer regulations (DEA) 2.4 Controlled substance documentation requirements for receiving, ordering, returning, loss/theft, destruction (DEA) 2.5 Formula to verify the validity of a prescriber’s DEA number (DEA) 2.6 Record keeping, documentation, and record retention (e.g., length of time prescriptions are maintained on file) 2.7 Restricted drug programs and related prescription-processing requirements (e.g., thalidomide, isotretinoin, clozapine) 2.8 Professional standards related to data integrity, security, and confidentiality (e.g., HIPAA, backing up and archiving) 2.9 Requirement for consultation (e.g., OBRA'90) 2.10 FDA’s recall classification 2.11 Infection control standards (e.g., laminar air flow, clean room, hand washing, cleaning counting trays, countertop, and equipment) (OSHA, USP 795 and 797) 2.12 Record keeping for repackaged and recalled products and supplies (TJC, BOP) 2.13 Professional standards regarding the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and other pharmacy employees (TJC, BOP) 2.14 Reconciliation between state and federal laws and regulations 2.15 Facility, equipment, and supply requirements (e.g., space requirements, prescription file storage, cleanliness, reference materials) (TJC, USP, BOP)
3.0 Sterile and Non-Sterile Compounding 3.1 Infection control (e.g., hand washing, PPE) 3.2 Handling and disposal requirements (e.g., receptacles, waste streams) 3.3* Documentation (e.g., batch preparation, compounding record) 3.4* Determine product stability (e.g., beyond use dating, signs of incompatibility) 3.5 Selection and use of equipment and supplies 3.6* Sterile compounding processes 3.7* Non-sterile compounding processes
4.0 Medication Safety 4.1 Error prevention strategies for data entry (e.g., prescription or medication order to correct patient) 4.2 Patient package insert and medication guide requirements (e.g., special directions and precautions) 4.3 Identify issues that require pharmacist intervention (e.g., DUR, ADE, OTC recommendation, therapeutic substitution, misuse, missed dose) 4.4 Look-alike/sound-alike medications 4.5 High-alert/risk medications 4.6 Common safety strategies (e.g., tall man lettering, separating inventory, leading and trailing zeros, limit use of error prone abbreviations)
5.0 Pharmacy Quality Assurance 5.1 Quality assurance practices for medication and inventory control systems (e.g., matching National Drug Code (NDC) number, bar code, data entry) 5.2 Infection control procedures and documentation (e.g., personal protective equipment [PPE], needle recapping) 5.3 Risk management guidelines and regulations (e.g., error prevention strategies) 5.4 Communication channels necessary to ensure appropriate follow-up and problem resolution (e.g., product recalls, shortages) 5.5 Productivity, efficiency, and customer satisfaction measures
the content of the CPE activity. If a CPE activity includes pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the same CPE activity specific and separate learning objectives should be described for each, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Please note that CPE activities pertaining to, for example, law, may have one set of objectives for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.
In addition, a Universal Activity Number is an identification number that is assigned to each CPE activity developed and provided, or jointly provided, by an ACPE-accredited provider. This number is developed by appending to the ACPE provider identification number (e.g. 197), the joint provider designation number (0000 for no joint provider, 9999 for joint providers), the year of CE activity development (e.g., 15), the sequential number of the CPE activity from among the new CPE activities developed during that year (e.g., 001), and the topic and format designators (see below).
Joint Provider Designators: 0000 - no jointly provided organization 9999 - joint provider
Format Designators: L - Live activities H - Home study and other mediated activities B - Activities that contain both live and home study or mediated components (Practice-based activities)
Topic Designators – activities are related to: If a CPE activity’s target audience is exclusively for pharmacists the designation “P” will be used as follows:
- 01-P Disease State Management/Drug therapy
- 02-P AIDS therapy
- 03-P Law (related to pharmacy practice)
- 04-P General Pharmacy
- 05-P Patient Safety
If a CPE activity’s target audience is exclusively for pharmacy technicians the designation “T” will be used as follows:
- 01-T Disease State Management/Drug therapy
- 02-T AIDS therapy
- 03-T Law (related to pharmacy practice)
- 04-T General Pharmacy
- 05-T Patient Safety
Note: If the CPE activity is intended for both pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, that activity will have the same Universal Activity Number with respect to the provider identification number, joint provider designation, year of release, sequence number and format; however, the topic designator in the number will be specific to each audience, either a “P” or “T.” For example:
197-000-15-001-L05- P (activity number to be used for pharmacists) 197-000-15-001-L05- T (activity number to be used for pharmacy technicians)
Have questions?
If you have any questions as to what constitutes continuing education for the profession of pharmacy, please contact the ACPE staff at ceinfo@acpe-accredit.org or phone 312-664-3575.
Please note: ACPE-accredited providers should be aware that the roles of pharmacy technicians are evolving and vary according to state and workplace setting. Thus it is important to conduct an appropriate educational needs assessment and practice gap analysis to guide continuing education programming.
