constitution of romania, Exercises of Law

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CONSTITUTION

OF ROMANIA

C O N T E N T S

TTIITTLLEE II

General principles ................................................................... 183

TTIITTLLEE IIII Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties ........................ 188

CHAPTER I Common provisions ..................................................................................... 188

CHAPTER II Fundamental rights and freedoms........................................................... 191

CHAPTER III Fundamental duties ..................................................................................... 208

CHAPTER IV Advocate of the People................................................................................ 210

TTIITTLLEE IIIIII Public authorities..................................................................... 211

CHAPTER I Parliament ..................................................................................... 211

SECTION 1 Organization and functioning ................................................................................. 211 SECTION 2 Status of Deputies and Senators............................................................................. 216 SECTION 3 Legislation .................................................................................................................... 219

CHAPTER II The President of Romania.......................................................................... 224

CONSTITUTION OF ROMANIA

TTIITTLLEE II General principles

AArrttiiccllee 1 1

RRoommaanniiaann SSttaattee (1) Romania is a sovereign, inde- pendent, unitary and indivisible National State. (2) The form of government of the Romanian State is a Republic. (3) Romania is a democratic and social State governed by the rule of law, in which human dignity, the citizens’ rights and freedoms, the free development of human per- sonality, justice and political plu- ralism represent supreme values and shall be guaranteed.

AArrttiiccllee 2 2

SSoovveerreeiiggnnttyy (1) National sovereignty resides with the Romanian people,who shall exercise it through its representative bodies and by referendum. (2) No group or person may exer- cise sovereignty in one’s own name. AArrttiiccllee 3 3

TTeerrrriittoorryy (1) The territory of Romania is inalienable. (2) The frontiers of the Country are sanctioned by an organic law, under observance of the principles and other generally recognized reg- ulations of international law. (3) The territory is organized administratively into communes, towns and counties. Some towns are declared municipalities, according to the provisions of the law. (4) No foreign populations may be displaced or colonized on the ter- ritory of the Romanian State. AArrttiiccllee 4 4

UUnniittyy (1) The State foundation is laid on ooff tthhee ppeeooppllee (^) the unity of the Romanian people. aanndd eeqquuaalliittyy (2) Romania is the common and aammoonngg indivisible homeland of all its citizens, cciittiizzeennss (^) without any discrimination on account of race, nationality, ethnic ori-

act accordingly for the preservation, development and expression of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity, under observance of the legislation of the State of which they are citizens.

AArrttiiccllee 8 8

PPlluurraalliissmm (1) Pluralism in the Romanian aanndd ppoolliittiiccaall society is a condition and guarantee ppaarrttiieess of Constitutional democracy.

(2) Political parties shall be con- stituted and shall pursue their activ- ities in accordance with the law. They contribute to the definition and expression of the political will of the citizens, while observing national sovereignty, territorial integrity, the legal order and the principles of democracy.

AArrttiiccllee 9 9

TTrraaddee uunniioonnss Trade unions shall be constitut- ed and shall pursue their activities in accordance with their own statutes, as provided by law. They shall con- tribute to the defence of the rights and promotion of the professional, economic and social interests of the employees.

AArrttiiccllee 1 100

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall Romania fosters and develops rreellaattiioonnss peaceful relations with all the states, and, in this context, good neighbourly relations, based on the principles and other generally recognized pro- visions of international law.

AArrttiiccllee 1 111

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall (1) The Romanian State pledges llaaww aanndd to fulfil as such and in good faith nnaattiioonnaall llaaww its obligations as deriving from the treaties it is a party to. (2) Treaties ratified by Parliament, according to the law, are part of national law. AArrttiiccllee 1 122

NNaattiioonnaall (1) The flag of Romania is ssyymmbboollss tricolour; the colours are arranged ver- tically in the following order from the flag-pole: blue, yellow, red. (2) The National Day of Romania is the 1st of December. (3) The national anthem of Romania is “Awake, Romanians”. (4) The Country’s coat of arms and the State’s seal shall be estab- lished by organic laws.

AArrttiiccllee 1 133

OOffffiicciiaall (^) In Romania, the official language llaanngguuaaggee is Romanian.

(3) Access to a public office or dignity, civil or military, is granted to persons whose citizenship is only and exclusively Romanian, and whose domicile is in Romania.

AArrttiiccllee 1 177

RRoommaanniiaann Romanian citizens while abroad cciittiizzeennss wwhhiillee shall enjoy the protection of the aabbrrooaadd Romanian State and shall be bound to fulfil their duties, with the excep- tion of those incompatible with their absence from the country.

AArrttiiccllee 1 188

AAlliieennss aanndd (^) (1) Aliens and stateless persons ssttaatteelleessss living in Romania shall enjoy gen- eral ppeerrssoonnss (^) protection of persons and assets, as guaranteed by the Constitution and other laws. (2) The right of asylum shall be granted and withdrawn under the provisions of the law, in compliance with the international treaties and conventions Romania is a party to.

AArrttiiccllee 1 199

EExxttrraaddiittiioonn (^) (1) No Romanian citizen shall be aanndd eexxppuullssiioonn extradited or expelled from Romania.

(2) Aliens and stateless persons may be extradited only in compli- ance with an international conven- tion or in terms of reciprocity. (3) Expulsion or extradition shall be ruled by the Court.

AArrttiiccllee 2 200

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall (1) Constitutional provisions hhuummaann rriigghhttss (^) concerning the citizens’ rights and ttrreeaattiieess liberties shall be interpreted and enforced in conformity with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with the covenants and other treaties Romania is a party to. (2) Where any inconsistencies exist between the covenants and treaties on fundamental human rights Romania is a party to, and internal laws, the international reg- ulations shall take precedence.

AArrttiiccllee 2 211

FFrreeee aacccceessss (^) (1) Every person is entitled to ttoo jjuussttiiccee bring cases before the courts for the defence of his legitimate rights, lib- erties and interests. (2) The exercise of this right shall not be restricted by any law.

of arrest shall be extended only by a decision of the court. (5) Any person detained or arrested shall be promptly informed, in a language he under- stands, of the grounds for his deten- tion or arrest, and notified of the charges against him, as soon as prac- ticable; the notification of the charges shall be made only in the presence of a lawyer of his own choosing or appointed ex officio. (6) The release of the person detained or arrested shall be obligato- ry, if the grounds for his detention or arrest have ceased to exist. (7) A person under preventive custody shall have the right to apply for provisional release, under judi- cial control or on bail. (8) Any person shall be pre- sumed innocent till found guilty by a final decision of the court. (9) Penalties shall be established or applied only in accordance with and on the grounds of the law.

AArrttiiccllee 2 244

RRiigghhtt (1) The right to defence is ttoo ddeeffeennccee guaranteed. (2) All throughout the trial, the parties shall have the right to be

assisted by a lawyer of their own choosing or appointed ex officio.

AArrttiiccllee 2 255

FFrreeeeddoomm (1) The right of free movement ooff mmoovveemmeenntt within the national territory and abroad is guaranteed. The law shall lay down the conditions for the exer- cise of this right. (2) Every citizen is guaranteed the right to establish his domicile or residence anywhere in the coun- try, to emigrate, and to return to his country.

AArrttiiccllee 2 266

PPeerrssoonnaall aanndd (1) The public authorities shall ffaammiillyy respect and protect the intimate, pprriivvaaccyy family and private life. (2) Any natural person has the right to freely dispose of himself unless by this he causes an infringement upon the rights and freedoms of oth- ers, on public order or morals.

AArrttiiccllee 2 277

IInnvviioollaabbiilliittyy ooff (1) The domicile and the resi- ddoommiicciillee dence are inviolable. No one shall enter or remain in the domicile or residence of a person without his consent.

No one shall be compelled to embrace an opinion or religion con- trary to his own convictions. (2) Freedom of conscience is guaranteed; it must be manifested in a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect. (3) All religions shall be free and organized in accordance with their own statutes, under the terms laid down by law. (4) Any forms, means, acts or actions of religious enmity shall be prohibited in the relationships among the cults. (5) Religious cults shall be autonomous from the State and shall enjoy support from it, including the facilitation of religious assistance in the army, in hospitals, prisons, homes and orphanages. (6) Parents or legal tutors have the right to ensure, in accordance with their own convictions, the education of the minor children whose respon- sibility devolves on them.

AArrttiiccllee 3 300

FFrreeeeddoomm (1) Freedom of expression of ooff eexxpprreessssiioonn thoughts, opinions, or beliefs, and freedom of any creation, by words, in writing, in pictures, by sounds or

other means of communication in public are inviolable. (2) Any censorship shall be pro- hibited. (3) Freedom of the press also involves the free setting up of pub- lications. (4) No publication shall be sup- pressed. (5) The law may impose upon the mass media the obligation to make public their financing source. (6) Freedom of expression shall not be prejudicial to the dignity, honour, privacy of person, and to the right to one’s own image. (7) Any defamation of the coun- try and the nation, any instigation to a war of aggression, to national, racial, class or religious hatred, any incitement to discrimination, terri- torial separatism, or public violence, as well as any obscene conduct con- trary to morality shall be prohibit- ed by law. (8) Civil liability for any infor- mation or creation made public falls upon the publisher or producer, the author, the producer of the artistic performance, the owner of the copy- ing facilities, radio or television sta- tion, under the terms laid down by