Computer Architecture - Assembler Programming and Computer Organization - Lecture Slides, Slides of Computer Architecture and Organization

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Chapter 1 Introduction

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 1

CS140 Computer Organization

1.1 Overview

• Why study computer organization and architecture?
  • Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems, and device drivers.
  • Optimize program behavior.
  • Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance.
  • Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs.
• Computer organization
  • Encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems.
  • E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types.
  • How does a computer work?
• Computer architecture
  • Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the programmer.
  • E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types, addressing modes.
  • How do I design a computer?
    • Chapter 1:Introduction (^) Docsity.com– 2

1.3 An Example System

Consider this advertisement:

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 4

What does it all mean??

1.3 An Example System

Measures of capacity and speed:

• Kilo- (K) = 1 thousand = 103 and 210
• Mega- (M) = 1 million = 106 and 220
• Giga- (G) = 1 billion = 109 and 230
• Tera- (T) = 1 trillion = 1012 and 240
• Peta- (P) = 1 quadrillion = 1015 and 250
• Exa- (E) = 1 quintillion = 1018 and 260
• Zetta-(Z) = 1 sextillion = 1021 and 270
• Yotta-(Y) = 1 septillion = 1024 and 280
  • Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 5

Whether a metric refers to a power of ten or a power of two typically depends upon what is being measured.

• Hertz = clock cycles per second (frequency)
  • 1MHz = 1,000,000Hz
  • Processor speeds are measured in MHz or GHz.
• Byte = a unit of storage
  • 1KB = 2^10 = 1024 Bytes
  • 1MB = 2^20 = 1,048,576 Bytes
  • Main memory (RAM) is measured in MB
  • Disk storage is measured in GB for small systems, TB for large systems.

1.3 An Example System

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 7

A system bus moves data within the computer. The faster the bus the better. This one runs at 400MHz.

The microprocessor is the “brain” of

the system. It executes program

instructions. This one is a Pentium

(Intel) running at 4.20GHz.

1.3 An Example System

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 8
• Computers with large main memory capacity can

run larger programs with greater speed than computers having small memories.

• RAM is an acronym for random access memory.

Random access means that memory contents can be accessed directly if you know its location.

• Cache is a type of temporary memory that can be

accessed faster than RAM.

1.3 An Example System

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 10

This one can store 80GB. 7200 RPM is the rotational speed of the disk. Generally, the faster a disk rotates, the faster it can deliver data to RAM. (There are many other factors involved.)

Hard disk capacity determines

the amount of data and size of

programs you can store.

1.3 An Example System

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 11

ATA stands for advanced technology attachment , which

describes how the hard disk interfaces with (or

connects to) other system components.

A CD can store about 650MB of data. This drive supports rewritable CDs, CD-RW, that can be written to many times.. 48x describes its speed.

1.3 An Example System

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 13

System buses can be augmented by

dedicated I/O buses. PCI, peripheral

component interface , is one such bus.

This system has three PCI devices: a video card, a sound card, and a data/fax modem.

1.5 A History Lesson

• Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 14

Early mechanical computational devices

Abacus

Pascal’s Calculator (1600s)

Early programmable devices: Jacquard’s Loom (1800) Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1832) Tabulating machine for 1890 census Hollerith cards

1.5 2 nd Generation Computers

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
• Magnetic core memory introduced
  • These changes in technology brought about cheaper and more reliable computers (vacuum tubes were very unreliable)
  • Because these units were smaller, they were closer together providing a speedup over vacuum tubes
  • Various programming languages introduced (assembly, high-level)
  • Rudimentary OS developed
    • The first supercomputer was introduced, CDC 6600 ($10 million)
    • Other noteworthy computers were the IBM 7094 and DEC PDP-1 mainframes - Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 16

An array of magnetic core memory – very expensive – $ million for 1 Mbyte!

1.5 3 rd Generation Computers

• Integrated circuit (IC) – or the ability to

place circuits onto silicon chips

• Replaced both transistors and magnetic core memory
• Result was easily mass-produced components reducing the cost of computer manufacturing significantly
• Also increased speed and memory capacity
• Computer families introduced
• Minicomputers introduced
• More sophisticated programming languages and OS developed - Popular computers included PDP-8, PDP-11, IBM 360 and Cray produced their first supercomputer, Cray- - Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 17

Silicon chips now contained both logic (CPU) and memory

Large-scale computer usage led to time-sharing OS

1.5 Trends

• Rock’s Law
  • Arthur Rock, Intel financier
  • “The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years.”
  • In 1968, a new chip plant cost about $12,000.
    • Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 19

At the time, $12,000 would buy a nice home in the suburbs. An executive earning $12, per year was “making a very comfortable living.”

• Rock’s Law
  • In 2005, a chip plants under construction cost over $2.5 billion.
  • For Moore’s Law to hold, Rock’s Law must fall, or vice versa. But no one can say which will give out first.

$2.5 billion is more than the gross domestic product of some small countries, including Belize, Bhutan, and the Republic of Sierra Leone.

1.5 Trends - Moore’s Law

• Gordon Moore

(Intel founder) noted that transistor density was increasing by a factor of 2 every 2 years

• This observation or prediction has held out pretty well since he made it in 1965 (transistor count doubles roughly every 2 years) - Chapter 1:Introduction (^) – 20

The growth has meant an increase in transistor count (and therefore memory capacity and CPU capability) of about 2^20 since 1965, or computers 1 million times more capable!

How much longer can Moore’s Law continue?