Mathematical Models for Drug Release Kinetics: A Comprehensive Overview - Prof. Singh, Slides of Computer Applications

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APPLICATION OF

COMPUTERS IN

PHARMACY

DRUG INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL Presented by:- Chandan Kumar Singh AIPS Lucknow

Storage and Retrieval System

• (^) A computer system is described which stores patient data relating to clinical pharmacokinetic assessments made by clinical pharmacists, who are participating in a clinical pharmacokinetics service. The system was developed to assist in the documentation of service activities and storage of patients’ pharmacokinetic data.
• (^) Systematic process of collecting and cataloging data so that they can be located and displayed on the request. Computer data processing technique has made possible to access the high-speed and large amount of information for government, commercial and academic purposes.

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

• (^) An information retrieval system is an information system, that is, a system used to store items of information that need to be processed, searched, retrieved, and disseminated to various user populations.

Major Components of IR

• (^) Information retrieval can be divided into several major constitutes which include:

1. Database
2. Search mechanism
3. Language
4. Interface

Language

• Information relies on language when being processed, transferred or communicated.
• Language can be identified as natural language and controlled vocabulary.

• (^) Natural Language
• (^) Natural language concerned with the interaction between computer and human interaction. In which: i. Any user-created terms assigned to images by users, such as tags, folksonomies, and keywords ii. Up-to-date, new terms are immediately available iii. Words of author used iv. Unstructured data v. Easier exchange of material between databases
  • (^) Controlled Vocabulary
  • (^) Controlled vocabularies are structured hierarchies of terms used to categorize images. i. Such vocabularies are typically created and maintained by a particular institution of authority ii. No immediate up to date iii. Words of author liable to be misconstrued iv. Structure Data v. Incompatibility a barrier to easy exchange

• (^) Retrieval Techniques Major retrieval techniques are: 1. Basic Retrieval Techniques
• (^) Boolean Searching
• (^) Case sensitivity searching
• (^) Truncation
• (^) Proximity searching
• (^) Range searching

2. Advanced Retrieval Techniques

• (^) Fuzzy searching
• (^) Query expansion
• (^) Multiple databases searching

Boolean Searching

Logical operations are also known as Boolean Logic. When Boolean logic is applied to information retrieval, the three operators, called Boolean operators. The AND operate for narrowing down a search The OR operate for broadening a search The NOT operator for excluding unwanted results

• (^) Case sensitivity searching
• Text sometimes exhibits case sensitivity; that is, words can differ in meaning based on differing use of uppercase and lowercase letters. Words with capital letters do not always have the same meaning when written with lowercase letters.
• For example, Bill is the first name of former U.S. president William Clinton, who could sign a bill
• The opposite term of "case-sensitive" is "case-insensitive“
• For example, Google searches are generally case-insensitive and Gmail is case-sensitive by default.

Truncation

• Truncation allows a search to be conducted for all the different forms of a word having the same common roots.
• Used symbol (Question mark? , asterisk* and pound sign # ) for truncation purpose.
• A number of different options are available for truncation like Left truncation, Right truncation and middle truncation.
• Left truncation retrievals all the words having the same characteristics at the right hand part, for example, *hyl will retrieval words such as “methyl” and “ethyl”
• Right truncation, for example the term of Network* as a query results in retrieving documents on networks and networking.
• Similarly middle truncation retrieval the words having the same characteristics at the left hand and right hand part, for example, “Colo*r” will retrieval both the term “colour” and “color”.

• (^) Proximity searching A proximity search allows you to specify how close two (or more) words must be to each other in order to register a match. There are three types of proximity searches:
• Word proximity
• Sentence proximity
• Paragraph proximity

• (^) Example of Range Searching
• (^) To search for documents or items that contain numbers within a range, type your search term and the range of numbers separated by two periods (“..”). For example, to search for pencils that costs between $1.50 and $2.50, type the following:

• (^) Advanced Retrieval Techniques
• Fuzzy searching
• Query expansion
• Multiple databases searching