Comparing Care Indicators: Social Policy and Provision for Children and Older Adults, Slides of Sociology

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Comparing Care, Creation and

Application of Care Indicators

Agenda

1. Placing social care policies in the political agenda of

the Adult-worker model

2. Making care comparable – empirical and

methodological recommendations

3. Application of care indicators: Care and opinions on

child care

Care in the Adult worker model

• Adult worker model (women and men are assumed equally employable) given impetus to a re- negotiation of formal and informal care responsibilities (Lewis)

•Care policy laggard led to a caring deficit (Hochschild)

•Mainstream analysis of welfare state regimes have tended to be ‘malestream’, and ”the study of social care has remained a dark continent within male theorizing” (Anttonen)

• As labour includes formal/informal as well

as private/public signification

• as a concept is situated in a complex

normative framework of obligations, rights

and responsibilities

• as an activity with both financial and

emotional costs

• as policies cover formal and informal, paid

and unpaid, public and private, services and

cash transfers

• for both children and older people

Definition of social care

• General lack of cross-national consensus of what constitutes the policy field of social care for children and older people:
• ECEC provision is divided into welfare and education systems.
• Models of ECEC:
  • Welfare model - all services for pre-school children within the social
  • Nursery education model – Children 0-3 years in welfare system/3+ in pre-school under educational system
• Elderly care provision divided into social care systems and health care systems
• Models of elderly care:
  • Care in geriatric units/nursing homes/in the home
  • Care by health care staff/social care staff

2.a Incompatibilities and methodological problems

• Present approaches to data collection in

the ECEC field tend to focus on educational

services for the over-3s:

• Provision for the under-3s and the provision from the welfare sector is neglected

•Present approaches to data collection in

the care for the elderly tend to focus :

•In expenditure: On health care •In coverage: On institutional care

Private provision makes up an increasing bulk of the overall provision of services:

• Pluralism of provision an increasing phenomenon.
• National statistics, however, mainly report public provision.

Comparison of social care provision should be built on a perspective of functional equivalence in adopting a cross-sectional, cross-benefit approach of comparison:

•Taking into account health/educational/welfare care provisions, cash as well as service benefits, including private as well as public •Enables comparisons where high or low coverage is not directly translatable to being either good nor bad

2b. Recommendations for data and indicator development - ECEC as an example

Leave for care

• Leave schemes should be included and evaluated according to accessibility, length and payment, and figures on take-up should be made comparable

• • Benefits: Leave schemes which entitle parents to take time off to care for their children (Maternity, paternity and parental leave, career leave)
• • Made comparable: weeks, formula for cash benefit, compensation rate, no. of beneficiaries

• Private provision from voluntary organisations, employers and for-profit agents should be considered

• Services: Regulated or publicly financed, or survey based

• Financing: tax relief for direct provision or subsidy

Welfare mix

• Indicators on availability and access to ECEC services should look at the objective of services, the age groups entitled, affordability and the number of children attending
• • Universal or targeted services
• • Parental fees (unit cost, % of APW, % of total costs)
• • No of children in ECEC and no of places available
• • Attendance of 0, 1, 2, 3... years old
• • Waiting lists

Quality of care

• Indicators on standards of quality of ECEC should include quantitative data as well as qualitative variables:
• • Economic indicators: National investments in ECEC, per child in a full-time equivalent place (OECD)
• Structural indicators: Opening hours, child: staff ratio, training of staff, full/part-time employment, staff turn-over, physical surroundings
• Feedback indicators: parental and employee satisfaction surveys
• • ’Soft’ indicators: multi-diciplinary teams of staff, collaboration across ECEC provision

Data sources

• EDACwowe
• OECD Family policy database
• Eurydice
• MISSOC
• EIRO
• SOCCARE
• European Foundation for Improvement of Work

and Family Life

• Columbia University Clearinghouse (Sheila

Kammerman)

• International Leave Policy Network, www.sfi.dkDocsity.com

Care architecture project

• Hansen, Kangas, Rostgaard
• 0-school age and 65+
• 7 countries (DK, FIN, S, N, NL, ENG, D, IT)
• Public and private arrangements
• Cash and care
• National/regional
• Cross-sectional (health, welfare, education)
• Provision, price, quality, social rights
• CareData, Index of care, Care variance (Microsimulation), Care cultures, Value of care, Care practises
• www.sfi.dk/care_architecture