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comparative study between india, pakistan and phillipines., Papers of Judicial Systems

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2023/2024

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Comparative Study of Extrajudicial Killings in
India, Pakistan, and the Philippines
Abstract
Extrajudicial killings (EJKs) are a grave violation of human rights,
occurring when state actors or law enforcement agencies unlawfully
take lives without due process. This article delves into the
comparative analysis of EJKs in three countries: India, Pakistan, and
the Philippines. By examining the determinants, consequences, and
efforts to address this critical issue, we shed light on the complexities
surrounding extrajudicial violence.
Introduction
Extrajudicial killings have drawn global attention due to their impact
on human rights and the rule of law. While each country faces unique
challenges, a comparative study allows us to identify patterns,
understand root causes, and propose potential solutions. Let’s explore
the situation in India, Pakistan, and the Philippines.
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Comparative Study of Extrajudicial Killings in

India, Pakistan, and the Philippines

Abstract

Extrajudicial killings (EJKs) are a grave violation of human rights,

occurring when state actors or law enforcement agencies unlawfully

take lives without due process. This article delves into the

comparative analysis of EJKs in three countries: India, Pakistan, and

the Philippines. By examining the determinants, consequences, and

efforts to address this critical issue, we shed light on the complexities

surrounding extrajudicial violence.

Introduction

Extrajudicial killings have drawn global attention due to their impact

on human rights and the rule of law. While each country faces unique

challenges, a comparative study allows us to identify patterns,

understand root causes, and propose potential solutions. Let’s explore

the situation in India, Pakistan, and the Philippines.

India: A Crisis of Justice

India has grappled with extrajudicial killings for decades. Factors

contributing to this crisis include:

1. Encounters : Police encounters, often portrayed as self-defense

actions, have raised suspicions of abuse of power.

2. Political Pressure: Political interference can influence law

enforcement decisions, leading to extrajudicial actions.

3. Lack of Accountability : Weak oversight mechanisms and

inadequate accountability structures hinder justice.

Efforts to address this issue include judicial inquiries, human rights

activism, and media scrutiny. However, challenges persist, and the

fight against EJKs remains ongoing.

Pakistan: Balancing Security and Rights

Pakistan faces a delicate balance between security concerns and

human rights. Key factors include:

1. Counterterrorism Operations : In the context of

counterterrorism, security forces have been accused of

extrajudicial killings.

2. Legal Framework: Ambiguities in laws and regulations

contribute to impunity.

3. Civil Society Advocacy: Human rights organizations play a

crucial role in raising awareness and demanding accountability.

Despite progress, Pakistan continues to grapple with EJKs,

necessitating sustained efforts to uphold the rule of law.

References

1. Tusalem, R. F. (2019). Examining the Determinants of Extra-Judicial

Killings in the Philippines at the Subnational Level: The Role of Penal

Populism and Vertical Accountability. Human Rights Review, 20, 67– 1012

2. Analysis on Extra-Judicial Killing Done by Police in India: Comparative

Analysis United States of America, United Kingdom, Russia.

3. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/111391/1/southasia_2021_05_24_extra_judicia

l_killings_in_india_a_crisis_of.pdf

4. ANALYSIS-ON-EXTRA-JUDICIAL-KILLING-DONE-BY-POLICE-IN-INDIA-COMPARATIVE-ANALYSIS-

UNITED-STATES-OF-AMERICA-UNITED-KINGDOM-RUSSIA.pdf (ijalr.in) Written by Shailendra Singh bhadouriya and VikaSh mangodiya