Download Geology 105 Lab Final Exam: Questions and Answers and more Exams Geology in PDF only on Docsity!
COFC GEOLOGY 105 LAB FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWER | A VERIFIED A+ PASS.
"Halite & gypsum - CORRECT ANSWER Part of Evaporites -
Form as the water in the original solution evaporates and leaves the sediment (in this case, salt) behind
- Chemical sedimentary rocks Forms in desert conditions in shallow marine basins, or along coastal tidal flats"
"Stalactite/Stalagmite - CORRECT ANSWER found in caves
"Varved Shale - CORRECT ANSWER Formed in glacial enviorment
Each varve represents a sequence of annual deposits"
"Mudcracks - CORRECT ANSWER Mud Cracks form only in clay and siltstone;
Silt/clay is typically rich in water by volume and shrinks as it dehydrates - making cracks form"
"Varves - CORRECT ANSWER Light-dark seasonal bands in shale or siltstone, and are
deposited in shallow bodies of water"
"Crossbeds - CORRECT ANSWER consists of inclined "lines" that slant at an angle;
They are typically only preserved in sandstone Cross bedding forms when a sand dune migrates. Sand grains are blown up the windward (upwind) side of the dune, and pile up at the crest. When it becomes too steep, a little sand avalanche happens. Each little avalanche produces one of those 'slanty' lines in the sandstone you see!"
"Ripple marks - CORRECT ANSWER in lakeshore environments, at edges where water is
shallow/drying up"
"What types of faults would be associated with divergent plate boundaries? - CORRECT
ANSWER Normal faults"
"What type of plate motion occurs at transform plate boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER
plates slide past each other"
"What type of fault is found at transform plate boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER Strike-slip"
"At what type of plate boundary are folds most likely to be found? - CORRECT ANSWER
Convergent plate boundary"
"Name the two types of folds - CORRECT ANSWER Anticline, syncline"
"Differences between anticline and syncline - CORRECT ANSWER In cross-section, an
anticline will always look like an arch, and a syncline will always look like a trough"
"Footwall vs hanging wall (Reverse Fault) - CORRECT ANSWER "
"Footwall vs hanging wall (Normal Fault) - CORRECT ANSWER "
"Horizontal Bedding - CORRECT ANSWER structures are parallel with sedimentary
bedding"
"After 1 half life how much has the parent decayed - CORRECT ANSWER 50%"
"After 2 half lives, how much does the parent have left? - CORRECT ANSWER 25%"
"Sedimentary layers are usually deposited in what beds - CORRECT ANSWER Horizontal"
"What is the difference between relative age and numeric age? - CORRECT ANSWER Relative
age establishes the order of past geological events while numeric age finds the absolute specific age"
"Transgression - CORRECT ANSWER Sea level rises"
"Regression - CORRECT ANSWER Sea level is falling"
"Relationship between coarsening vs fining upward - CORRECT ANSWER Fining upward
means grain size is decreasing upward, coarsening upward means that the grain size is increasing upward To deposit coarser, energy must be higher (faster flowing water) than the energy to deposit fine grains"
"Fill in the blank: Beach, Dunes, Shallow Marine, Offshore, Deep Ocean - CORRECT ANSWER
Top Left Arrow: Beach Top Right Arrow: Dunes Bottom Left: Shallow Marine
"Darwin's Finches - Why was this study important? - CORRECT ANSWER Told us that beak
size is related to feeding strategies and reproduction"
"When sea level falls.... - CORRECT ANSWER Parts of the oceanic crust emerge from the
water" "Compared to the deepest part of the ocean, are the seas created by flooding the continental crust
shallow or deep? - CORRECT ANSWER Shallow"
"will more shallow seas lead to HIGH or LOW biodiversity? - CORRECT ANSWER HIGH"
"What are banded iron formations (BIF's) mostly made of - CORRECT ANSWER Iron"
"Where did the oxygen come from that led to the formation of the red bands? - CORRECT
ANSWER Micros from cyanobacteria"
"Would we expect to see more or fewer shallow seas with more mid-ocean ridges? - CORRECT
ANSWER Fewer"
"Would more mid-ocean ridges lead to higher or lower biodiversity - CORRECT ANSWER
Higher"
"What part of the Brachiopod is preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER Soft body imprint"
"Trilobites are arthropods. What part of the Trilobite is preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER
Exoskeleton"
"What part of the Opabinia and Pikaia is preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER Soft body
imprints"
"What is the process by which bones and shells are replaced by minerals called? - CORRECT
ANSWER Permineralization"
"Name three minerals that commonly replace organic matter in fossils - CORRECT ANSWER
Pyrite, calcium phosphate and phosphate"
"What types of fossils do you think are the most likely to be preserved? - CORRECT ANSWER
- Internal skeleton
- Exoskeleton
"Synapsid vs Diapsid skulls - CORRECT ANSWER Diapsid has two openings and synapsid has
one"
"By the end of the Permian, what supercontinent has formed? - CORRECT ANSWER Pangea"
"By the end of the Permian, what does sea level look like? HIGH or LOW - CORRECT ANSWER
LOW"
"Are there more or fewer shallow seas? MORE or FEWER - CORRECT ANSWER MORE"
"how did climate has changed since the Carboniferous? - CORRECT ANSWER Warmer &
wetter"
"Euparkeria skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid"
"Which one is an ancestor of modern reptiles? Euparkeria or Dimetrodon - CORRECT
ANSWER Euparkeria"
"Which one is an ancestor of modern mammals? Euparkeria or Dimetrodon - CORRECT
ANSWER Dimetrodon"
"Cynodont skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid"
"Mammal skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid"
"Do all dinos have diapsid skulls? What other animals have them - CORRECT ANSWER YES -
ALL reptiles are also diapsid"
"Dimetrodon skull type - CORRECT ANSWER Synapsid"
"Are Dimetrodons, Pterosaurs, and/or cynodonts dinosaurs? Why/why not? What are they and
why are they significant? - CORRECT ANSWER DIMETRODON: Became extinct before
dinosaurs evolved more closely related to living mammals Synapsid PTEROSAURS: Flying reptiles, lived amoung dinos, but were not related Cynodonts also closer to mammals than dinos. Synapsid"
"Homologous Structures vs Analogous Structures - CORRECT ANSWER Homo: Features
shared by different groups of organisms because it was inherited from a common ancestor Ana: Similar structures that appear in groups of organisms due to convergent evolution"
"Changes in whale skull - CORRECT ANSWER Nostrils moved to the top of the skull (to form
the blowhorn) Skull became longer Bones changed to allow for underwater hearing (echolocation)"
"What does IRD stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER Ice rafted debris"
"Foraminifera - CORRECT ANSWER Calcite shells of single-celled organisms"
"How to calculate total grans of IRD's and forums - CORRECT ANSWER Add # of foram
grains and IRD grains"
"how to calculate percent of forum grains - CORRECT ANSWER # of forum grains divided by
total grains"
"how to calculate percent of IRD grains - CORRECT ANSWER # of IRD grains divided by the
total grains"
"how to determine if IRD is present? - CORRECT ANSWER If the percent of IRD grains is 10%
or higher it IS present"
"What type of plate boundary exists along the East African Rift? - CORRECT ANSWER
Divergent plate boundary" "What was the climate like before the formation of the mountain range called the "Wall of Africa"
- CORRECT ANSWER It was warm, moist" "What was the climate like after the formation of the mountain range called the "Wall of Africa"
CORRECT ANSWER Ocean moisture was blocked - tropical land became woodland and
climate dried" "Meat is a more energy dense food than plants, so it provides more energy for brain activity than plants. Which do you think came first: TEETH, JAWS, & SAGITTAL CREST or BRAIN SIZE or DIET
CORRECT ANSWER DIET"
"Is the brain size of Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (who lived in cold climates) larger? Why do you think that might be? Think about the food resources available in cold
climates and the calorie requirements to stay warm? - CORRECT ANSWER Neanderthals had
larger brains than Homo sapiens, but that was probably because they were slightly larger than us
- They needed to eat more meat to stay warmer (more body fat)" "How does the position of the foramen magnum (the hole in the back of the cranium where the
spine attaches) relate to the body posture (bipedal vs. quadrupedal) - CORRECT ANSWER
Bipeds walk upright, so the spinal column is more or less directly underneath the center of the cranium. As a result, the spinal cord enters the cranium via the foramen magnum more centrally than that of a quadruped"
"Did Australopithecus afarensis walk upright or not? - CORRECT ANSWER upright"
"Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee): i. Pelvis width: Narrow or Wide? ii. Femur length: Short or Long?
iii. Angle between the hip and the knee: Straight or Angled? - CORRECT ANSWER Pelvis:
Narrow Femur: Short Angle between: straight" "Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy - refer to bones and poster): i. Pelvis width: Narrow or Wide? ii. Femur length: Short or Long?
iii. Angle between the hip and the knee: Straight or Angled? - CORRECT ANSWER Pelvis:
wide Femur: short Angle: angled" "Homo sapiens (modern human): i. Pelvis width: Narrow or Wide? ii. Femur length: Short or Long?
iii. Angle between the hip and the knee: Straight or Angled? - CORRECT ANSWER Pelvis:
Wide Femur: Long Angle: Angled"
"Was Lucy bipedal? Why or why not? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes because she had an angle
between the hip and knee"
"sandstone - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: sand
depositional environment: desert/coast"
"peat - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: carbon
depositional environment: bogs"
"fossiliferous limestone - CORRECT ANSWER sedimentary structure: fossil
sediment: marine fossils/carbonate mud depositional environment: shallow ocean"
"siltstone - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: silt
depositional environment: shallow ocean"
"halite - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: evaporite
depositional environment: salt lake"
"cross-bedded sandstone - CORRECT ANSWER sedimentary structure: crossbeds
sediment: sand depositional environment: desert/coast"
"gypsum - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: evaporite
depositional environment: where water evaporates"
"chalk - CORRECT ANSWER sediment: organic material
depositional environment: deep ocean"
"syncline/anticline - CORRECT ANSWER formed by compression
anti: up-fold syn: down-fold"
"normal fault - CORRECT ANSWER "
"reverse fault - CORRECT ANSWER - when footwall goes down & hanging goes up
- convergent plate boundary"
"thrust fault - CORRECT ANSWER when footwall and hanging slide past each other"
"unconformities - CORRECT ANSWER A break in the geologic record created when rock
layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time."
"stenos laws - CORRECT ANSWER superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity"
"superposition - CORRECT ANSWER the principle that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest
rocks are on the bottom"
"original horizontality - CORRECT ANSWER layers of sediment are originally deposited
horizontally under the action of gravity"
"Lateral Continuity - CORRECT ANSWER Principle that states that an original sedimentary
layer extends laterally until it tapers or thins at its edges."
"half-lifes - CORRECT ANSWER parent starts at 100% and then divide by 2 going down.
- ie. 1 'half-life' = 50% parent, 2 = 25% parent, 3 = 12.5% parent, etc. (as parent goes down, daughter goes up)"
"determining age of rock from half-life - CORRECT ANSWER if a rocks half-life is 200 million
years old and 3 half-lifes are depicted, multiply # by how many half-lifes are shown... 200 x 3 = 600 year old rock"
"Dikes - CORRECT ANSWER a structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent
land"
"Nonconformity - CORRECT ANSWER A type of unconformity in which layered sedimentary
rocks lie on an erosion surface cut into igneous or metamorphic rocks"
"Disconformity - CORRECT ANSWER a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary
layers above and below the unconformity are parallel"
"angular disconformity - CORRECT ANSWER horizontal layers of sedimentary rock; often
tilted and uplifted"
"transgression - CORRECT ANSWER sea level rises, shoreline moves higher to land"
"regression - CORRECT ANSWER sea level falls, areas of sea-level are now exposed above sea
level"
"fining-upward - CORRECT ANSWER transgression; energy to deposit heavier/coarser
grains must be lower than the energy to deposit finer grains (grain size is decreasing upward)"
"coarsening-upward - CORRECT ANSWER regression; energy to deposit heavier/coarser
grains must be higher than energy to deposit finer grains (grain size is increasing upward)"
"Would more mid-ocean ridges cause a HIGHER or LOWER biodiversity? - CORRECT
ANSWER lower; they cause sea level to fall"
"Synapsid - CORRECT ANSWER a lineage of amniotes that gave rise to mammals;
characterized by skulls that have a single hole behind the eye socket"
"What are the reptile lineages based on skull-types that descended from amphibians? -
CORRECT ANSWER anapsid: turtles
diapsid: snakes, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs"
"What type of dinosaur is the direct ancestor to birds? Why? - CORRECT ANSWER -
theropods
- saurischian dinosaurs
- lizard-hipped, bipedal"
"What characteristics do early birds and dinosaurs share? - CORRECT ANSWER - air-filled
bones
"Diapsid - CORRECT ANSWER lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds, two holes
behind eye socket"
"What are Dimetrodons, Pterosaurs, and cynodonts, and why are they significant? - CORRECT
ANSWER - they are synapsids
- they are ancestors to mammals"
"How to identify stegosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischian
- herbivore
- plate weapons
- thyreophora"
"How to identify Ankylosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians
- herbivores
- armor weapons
- thyreophora"
"How to identify Pachycephalosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians
- head dome
- marginocephelia"
"How to identify Triceratops: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians
- herbivores
- head frill
- marginocephelia"
"How to identify Parasaurolophus: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians
- herbivores
- voice
- ornithopoda"
"How to identify Iguanodon: - CORRECT ANSWER - ornithischians
- herbivores
- thumb
- ornithopoda"
"How to identify Apatosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians
- herbivores
- long neck
- sauropods"
"How to identify Camarasaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians
- herbivores
- long neck
- sauropods"
"How to identify Allosaurus: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians
- carnivores
- bipedal
- theropods"
"How to identify Velociraptor: - CORRECT ANSWER - saurischians
- carnivores
- bipedal
- theropods"
"How to identify Archaeopteryx: - CORRECT ANSWER - wings
- early bird ancestor
- transitional to birds"
brow ridge - medium sagittal crest - present jaw shape - box size of molars - large"
"Features of Australopithecus aethiopicus skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~2.7 mya
cranial capacity avg - 410 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - present jaw shape - box size of molars - large"
"Features of Australopithecus boisei skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~2.3 mya
cranial capacity avg - 521 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - present jaw shape - box size of molars - large"
"Features of Homo dragster skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~1.9 mya
cranial capacity avg - 900 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - intermediate size of molars - medium"
"Features of Homo erectus skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~1.8 mya
cranial capacity avg - 1100 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - U-shaped size of molars - medium"
"Features of Homo heidelbergensis skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~800,000 ybp
cranial capacity avg - 1200 brow ridge - large sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - box-shape size of molars - small"
"Features of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~200,000 ybp
cranial capacity avg -
brow ridge - medium sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - U-shape size of molars - small"
"Features of Homo sapiens skull - CORRECT ANSWER age ~130,000 ybp
cranial capacity avg - brow ridge - small sagittal crest - absent jaw shape - U-shape size of molars - small"
"How does diet affect brain capacity? - CORRECT ANSWER Incorporating meat into the diet
allowed for more brain capacity (more resting energy allocated to brain)"
"What were the restrictions on how plants could spread? - CORRECT ANSWER Gravity:
pulling their limbs downward when they needed to reach up for sunlight to perform photosynthesis and build limb support, the amount of clouds from volcanoes,"
"How do we know that tetrapod fish (lobe-finned fish) were related to amphibians? - CORRECT
ANSWER The fossil record provides evidence of the first tetrapods: now-extinct amphibian
species dating to nearly 400 million years ago. Evolution of tetrapods from fishes represented a significant change in body plan from one suited to organisms that respired and swam in water, to organisms that breathed air and moved onto land"
"Marcellus shale was deposited behind the Acadian mountains, why? - CORRECT ANSWER -
deposited behind the Acadian mountains in middle Devonian period (390 million years ago) -formation of Acadian mountains -collision of Avalon and north america causes Appalachian basin to subside -sediment accumulates very slowly -deep water means poor circulation -oxygen is depleted at sea floor -low sediment accumulation rate and low oxygen allows organic matter from dead algae, plankton, etc. to be preserved in high concentrations---> created an oozy material aka the gas"
"Why did the Appalachian orogeny produce coal and not oil shales? - CORRECT ANSWER
Because with the rise of sea level the trees were buried, which eventually lead to swamps and formation of coal"
"Event occurring on top of this gradual extinction- - CORRECT ANSWER Siberian Trap flood
basalts, causing reefs to die out. How do the Siberian traps alter climate? -Puts large amounts of CO2 in atmosphere, also ash clouds block sun. Climate instability. How do they alter the chemistry of the oceans/rain?- Build-up of CO2 in deep water Acidic oceans"
"Triassic Climate - CORRECT ANSWER rapid global warming higher levels of Carbon
Dioxide." "What happens after the P-T extinction event? Who survives? What is happening to Pangea?
What evidence do we have? - CORRECT ANSWER 95% of marine life dead, reptiles live on
Who survives? Reptiles and mammals"
"What form of reptile begins to dominate now? - CORRECT ANSWER dinosaurs, birds"
"Why do they out-compete the surviving synapsids for the same ecological niches? - CORRECT
ANSWER could withstand a variety of climates"
"Leg stance- - CORRECT ANSWER Primitive ankles, Saurischian Hipped= long necked
sauropoda (lizard hipped pubis bone points forwards). Ornithischian Hipped= "bird-hipped" pubis points backwards, T-rex. Birds actually evolved from saurischian."
"How heavy are their bones? - CORRECT ANSWER Hollow and light"
"Synapsids post P-T extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Sauropsids had two temporal openings
in their skulls and were the ancestors of reptiles such as dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids, according to the fossil record, seemed to be more dominant than sauropsids. However, sauropsids seemed more capable of surviving the conditions that caused the Permian extinction and became more dominant than synapsids after the Permian."
"Climate throughout the Mesozoic - CORRECT ANSWER The climate was warmer, the
seasons were very mild, the sea level was higher, and there was no polar ice. ... The Mesozoic Era lasted about 180 million years, and is divided into three periods, the Triassic, the Jurassic, and the Cretaceous."
"Pangea during the mesozoic - CORRECT ANSWER Starts to break apart into smaller
continents; Laurasia and Gondwanaland during late Triassic. Caused by convention currents."
"evidence that birds are actually dinosaur decendent - CORRECT ANSWER Similar hip
structure- lizard hipped,What line of dinosaurs do they come from? -bird -hipped dinosaurs, Ornithischian.Feathers
Bird Feet Nesting behavior Similar Arm Structure Air Sacks Light Hollow Bones Large Brain"
"Dinosaurs warm or cold blooded? - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic options. The main
possibilities are that: Dinosaurs were cold-blooded, like modern reptiles, except that the large size of many would have stabilized their body temperatures. They were warm-blooded, more like modern mammals or birds than modern reptiles."
"what kills off the dinosaurs? - CORRECT ANSWER Asteroid causing a major explosion and
thick clouds to kick up over the earth. Heavy volcanic activity, ash and debris falling from the sky, burying organisms"
"Evidence for extinction of dinosaurs. - CORRECT ANSWER Shocked quartz spread out over
the globe"
"who lives through the mass extinction event? - CORRECT ANSWER Small reptiles, and deep
sea animals."
"Why is it important that the asteroid hit near the equator? - CORRECT ANSWER The dust
clouds were able to spread over the whole planet"
"What would have happened if it hit near the poles? - CORRECT ANSWER The damage would
have stayed within one hemisphere"
"Why are primate's eyes forward? - CORRECT ANSWER to help them swing from trees"
"Who normally has forward facing eyes? - CORRECT ANSWER predators"
"Why could this be significant when thinking about being upright? - CORRECT ANSWER
makes running faster"
"Why do apes begin to walk upright? - CORRECT ANSWER Climate becomes arid and
walking becomes necessary because food is scarce"
"What advantages does walking upright have? - CORRECT ANSWER Spends less energy than
on all fours that can be dedicated to expanding the brain"
