Pharmacy and Pharmacology: Concepts, Branches, and Routes of Administration, Cheat Sheet of Pharmacology

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BASIC CONCEPTS

OF PHARMACOLOGY

Ms.Trambadiya Nehal V.

Pharmacy

It is the art and science of compounding

and dispensing drugs or preparing suitable

dosage forms for administration of drugs

to man or animals.

It includes:

collection,

identification.

purification,

isolation,

synthesis,

Standardization

quality control of medicinal substance



Rudolf Buchheim founded the first experimental

pharmacology laboratory in his own house in 1849 in

Germany.



Oswald schmiedberg, serturner, Magendie, John Abel,

Arthur Cushney, J. H. Burn and Gaddum made significant

contributions for the development of experimental

pharmacology during last one hundred years.



In India Sir Ram Nath Chopra made the beginning in

pharmacological research of traditional drugs.



The other outstanding pharmacologist who significantly

contributed to the growth of this discipline in India are R.

B. Arora, M.N. Ghosh, U. K. Sheth, P.C. Dandiya and K .P.

Bhargava.

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

What the body does

to the drug

Pharmacodynamics

What the drug does

to the body.

Pharmacodynamics

This includes physiological and biochemical

effects of drugs and their mechanism of action

at organ system/subcellular/macromolecular

levels.

e.g.-Adrenaline

interaction with adrenoceptors

G-protein mediated stimulation of cell

membrane bound adenylyl cyclase

increased intracellular cyclic 3',5'AMP

cardiac stimulation, hepatic glycogenolysis and

hyperglycaemia, etc.

Clinical pharmacology

It is the scientific study of drugs in man.

It includes pharmacodynamic and

pharmacokinetic investigation in healthy

volunteers and in patients;

evaluation of efficacy and safety of drugs

comparative trials with other forms of

treatment

surveillance of patterns of drug use

adverse effects, etc.

The aim of clinical pharmacology is to

generate data for optimum use of drugs

and the practice of 'evidence based

Pharmacoeconomics

This branch of health economics aims to quantify

in economic terms the cost and benefit of drugs

used therapeutically.

It arose from the concern of many governments

to provide for healthcare from tax revenues,

raising questions of what therapeutic procedures

represent the best value for money.

As with pharmacoepidemiology, regulatory

authorities are increasingly requiring economic

analysis, as well as evidence of individual benefit,

when making decisions on licensing.

Pharmacogenomics (or

pharmacogenetics)

It is the study of the genetic variations that cause

individual differences in drug response.

The underlying principle is that differences

between individuals in their response to

therapeutic drugs can be predicted from their

genetic make-up.

They mainly involve genetic polymorphism of drug-

metabolising enzymes or receptors

Toxicology

It is the study of poisonous effect of drugs and

other chemicals (household, environmental

pollutant, industrial, agricultural, homicidal)

with emphasis on detection, prevention and

treatment of poisonings.

It also includes the study of adverse effects

of drugs, since the same substance can be a

drug or a poison, depending on the dose.

Chemotherapy

It is the treatment of systemic

infection/malignancy with specific drugs that

have selective toxicity for the infecting

organism.

Pharmacopoeia

An official publication containing a list of

medicinal drugs with their effect and directions

for their use and published by the authority of

government or a medical or pharmaceutical

society.

The WHO has defined Essential Drugs*

(medicines)

as "those that satisfy the priority healthcare

needs of the population.

They are selected with due regard to public

health relevance, evidence on efficacy and

safety, and comparative cost effectiveness.

Essential medicines are intended to be

available within the context of functioning health

systems at all times and in adequate amounts,

in appropriate dosage forms, with assured

quality and adequate information, and at a price

the individual and the community can afford.

Poison

Any substance that can cause severe organ

damage or death if Ingested, breathed in, or

absorbed through the skin.

Drug tolerance

It refers to the requirement of higher dose of a drug

to produce a given response.

Loss of therapeutic efficacy (e.g. of salfonylureas

in type 2 diabetes), which is a form of tolerance, is

often called 'refractoriness‘.

Tolerance is a widely occurring adaptive biological

phenomenon. Drug tolerance maybe:

Tachyphylaxis(Tachy-fast,phylaxis -

protectionl).

Rapid development of tolerance when doses of a

drug repeated in quick succession result in marked

reduction in response.

It is reversible in nature

This is usually seen with indirectly acting drugs, such

as; ephedrine, tyramine, nicotine.

These drugs act by releasing catecholamine in the

body, syntheses of which is unable to match the rate

of release stores get depleted.



Dependence



In medical terms, dependence specifically refers to a

physical condition in which the body has adapted to the

presence of a drug. If an individual with drug dependence

stops taking that drug suddenly, that person will

experience predictable and measurable symptoms, known

as a withdrawal syndrome.



Although dependence is often a part of addiction, non-

addictive drugs can also produce dependence in patients.

A prime example is prednisone, a synthetic form of the

steroid hormone cortisol that is used to treat asthma,

allergic reactions, Crohn’s disease, and many other

inflammatory conditions. Prednisone is not known to

produce addiction. However, if a patient has taken

prednisone for several weeks and then stops suddenly,

they are likely to suffer from withdrawal symptoms such

as fatigue, weakness, body aches, and joint pain