Circuits and Electricity, Study notes of Basic Electronics

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Circuits and Electricity

By: Sarah Dobbie, Lavanya Goel, & Jaquelin Maldonado

What is Electricity?

Static Electricity:

▪ In static electricity, charged particles gather, like when you touch metal and get shocked.

Dynamic electricity:

▪ In dynamic electricity, charged particles move in the same direction, like in a current.

Electricity is a form of energy caused by charged particles

Atoms are made up of three particles, protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons are neutral. When an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged and when it gains an electron it becomes negatively charged.

Charged Particles:

Types of Electricity:

When dealing with electricity, we measure voltages and currents

What is a Current?

Medium: ▪ Currents flow through a medium such as wires.

Symbol: ▪ They are measured in Amperes (A) and their symbol is “I”.

Measure: ▪ Currents are measured using ammeters.

Path: ▪ Currents flow from a power source to a “load”. The load converts the electric energy into another type of energy such as a bulb which changes electric energy into light and heat energy.

Short Circuits: ▪ Currents follow the path of least resistance and this can cause a short circuit. For example, the image above represents a short circuit. The electric current goes through the path with only the wire instead of the path with the bulb because the wire has less resistance than the bulb. As a result there is a short circuit. Short circuits can be very dangerous since there is little resistance preventing the electrons from moving freely. This can heat up the wire and cause an explosion.

A current is the ordered flow of charged particles

What are Circuits?

Why Wires? ▪ Wires are made out of metal, which is a conductive material, so electric currents can flow through them easily.

Open vs. Closed: ▪ Open circuits are circuits with a break in the conductive material (wire) which prevents the electrons from completing their journey to the other side of the circuit. Closed circuits are circuits without any breaks in the middle, so the electric current flows through the entire circuit.

Circuit Parts: ▪ Circuits are made up of more than just power sources and loads, they can also include switches, capacitors, and inductors. Switches have two states, open and closed. When a switch is open no current can flow through it, when it is closed, currents can flow through it.

A circuit is a path that an electric current flows through

Inductors A coil that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field

Charge: ▪ Once and inductor is fully charged, the current stays flowing, but the circuit is an short circuit.

Inductance: ▪ Inductance is the amount of energy an inductor can store. The inductance of an inductor is directly proportional to the amount of turns the coil has.

Measure: ▪ Inductance is measured in Henrys and the symbol is “H” ▪ The symbol for Inductors is “L”.

Conductors

Conductivity: ▪ Conductivity is how easy it is for the current to flow through the material. Conductivity depends on how many free electrons are in the material. Metal is one of the most conductive materials because it has a lot of free electrons.

An object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current

in one or more directions easily.

Conductivity of some common materials

Series and Parallel

▪ Series circuits share one point of connection ▪ Parallel circuits share two points of connection

▪ While Series are more straightforward with connection points, if one component breaks the whole circuit fails. ▪ If a component breaks in Parallel the rest of the circuit is still operable.

There are two ways of wiring circuits: in Series or Parallel

What are They?

Pros and Cons:

Parallel circuits are usually safer and are commonly used in houses

Formulas

Series:

When you add resistors, inductors, or capacitors in a circuit you are changing the amount of resistance, inductance, and capacitance.

There are formulas to help you add these new values:

Parallel:

▪ Resistors:

▪ Capacitors:

▪ Inductors:

Inductors combine the same as Resistors in both series and parallel

▪ Resistors:

▪ Capacitors:

▪ Inductors:

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