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Child Life Certification Chapter 7
The most obvious physical changes in early childhood is growth in - height and weight Regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true? - head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy there is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat What are the two of the most important developmental factors that contribute to the differences in children's height and weight worldwide? - ethnic origin nutrition By age 6, the brain has reached about _____ % of its adult size - 95 _____ increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system, and helps children develop abilities such as hand-eye coordiantion - myelination IN the 3 to 15-year age range, the overall size of the brain - does not dramatically grow As a preschool child grows older, the increase in teh child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage - decreases What part of the brain grows at the highest rate in early childhood (between the ages of 3 and 6)? - frontal lobe Which of the following are contextual factors that are linked to the development of the brain?
- parenting quality poverty Which of the following are changes that occur in children's brains between the ages of 3 and 15? - the brain reorganizes itself unneeded cells are purged brain material in some areas may nearly double within as little as a year Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be acheived: 3 years old - hopping and jumping
Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be acheived: 4 years old - climbing a low jungle gym Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be acheived: 5 years old - running races with friends Which of the following is a result of the growth of the frontal lobe in young chlidren? - increased ability to maintain attention to tasks Motor skill development is best acheived through - practice Researchers have linked brain development in children to - contextual factors like socioeconomic status and parenting quality Nutrition and eating habits affect which of the following aspects in early childhood? - skeletal growth susceptibility to disease body shape Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood? - jumping running climbing A national study found that ____ % of children's meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats - 45 A 5-year-old child's ability to move their hand, arm, and body with accurate eye coordination demonstrates improved - fine motor skills Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? - preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups modeling healthy eating habits maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine Children and adolescents above the BMI's 9th percentile are classified as _____, whereas children and adolescents in teh 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight - obese In 2015-2016, the obesity rate among US preschoolers - was almost 14 %
Match the context of a child's life to a step that can be taken within that context to improve the child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury: family/home - install a smoke alarm Match the context of a child's life to a step that can be taken within that context to improve the child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury: school/peers - remove hazards from playground Match the context of a child's life to a step that can be taken within that context to improve the child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury: community - monitor environmental hazards Which of the following are more likely for a child who is exposed to tobacco smoke in their home? - hyperactivity high blood pressure asthma Physicians now see children as young as ____ of age with type 2 diabetes and hypertension - 5 years Deaths of young children due to HIV/AIDS occur often in countries with - low levels of education high rates of poverty Guidelines recommend that young children engage in _____ of physical activity per day - 3 hours Children in poverty have higher rates of ____ than children from higher-income families - asthma accidents death Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? - children are able to use words to describe their world children form stable concepts and begin to reason children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform ____, which are defined as reversible mental actions - operations
Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _____ stage of cognitive development - preoperational A child playing hide-and-seek thinks he can't be seen just because he can't see the person looking for him. This is an example of the though limitation of - egocentrism The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the - preoperational stage During what preoperational thought substage do children seek answers to all sorts of questions? - intuitive thought According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the _________substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present - symbolic function Around the age of 5, children will do which of the following? - develop an interest in the ability to use reason want to know why things are the way they are The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called _______ - centration Piaget developed a situation in which the same amount of liquid was poured into different sized beakers to study - conservation What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage? - primitive reasoning Which of the following are criticisms of Piaget's theory? - attention is especially important in explaining conservation conservation appears earlier than Piaget thought When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the ____ substage of preoperational thought - intuitive Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises? - children's cultural environment influences their thinking process children develop cognitive skills through societal tools children actively construct their knowledge and understanding
Which of the following statements correctly describes Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories? - Piaget and Vygotsky viewed teachers as guides of learning Piaget emphasized individual needs, and Vygotsky emphasized social interactions Piaget's final stage of development is formal operation thought; Vygotsky proposed development is dependent on culturally specific tasks What do critics of Vygotsky's theory think of his veiw of collaboration and guidance? - it has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful or children are lazy The child's ability to pay attention improves _____ during the preschool years - significantly Which of the following concepts correctly describe an aspect of Vygotsky's theory? - context and collaboration are fundamental children organize through social interactions Which of the following are criticisms of Vygotsky's theory? - not specific enough about age-related changes overemphasis on the role of language The focusing of mental resources on select information is called - attention According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true? - when self-talk becomes second nature, children act without verbalizing children communicate externally before developing internal speech the transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age _____ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their _____ attnetion - sustained Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ____ by comparing items systematically, one detail at a time - planfulness Which of the following have been used to improve children's attention? - eye-contact exercises computer exercises stop-go activities The retention of information over time is defined as _____ - memory ______ - term memory involves retaining information for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal
What two aspects of attention develop in early childhood? - executive and sustained attention Preschool children's control of attention is deficient. They are likley to pay attention to - salient features rather than relevant features Why does memory span change as children age? - the efficiency with which children process information changes older children are more likley to rehearse information the speed with which memory items can be identified increases Memory that is relatively permanent and long-lasting is referred to as ______ - term memory
- long Executive function involves managing one's thoughts for the purpose of which of the following? - exercising self-control engaging in goal-directed behavior Which of the following is not a characteristic of a child who has developed executive function skills? - stimulus-driven Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age? - rehearsal of information processing speed Executive function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's - prefrontal cortex Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others? - theory of mind Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind? - thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others The three mental states children begin to understand from 18 months to 3 years of age are - desires emotions perceptions The awareness that people can have false beliefs (beliefs that are not true) develops in a majority of children by which age? - 5
Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two- year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of - pragmatics ______ is when children have the ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure - fast mapping According to a recent study, theory of mind predicted which of the following in children? - severity of autism _____ ______ _____ is a US government-funded program that provides education for low income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school - Project Head Start A young child who says, "Where Daddy is going?" or "What that girl is doing?" has yet to fully understand which of the following? - auxillary-inversion rule What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? - young children are able to present competent narratives young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations young children cna adapt their speech based on the setting Which of the following are among the current controversies regarding early childhood programs? - whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States what the preschool curriculum should be Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ____ development in order to meet al of a child's needs - socioemotional Which of these are criticisms of universal preschool education? - experts should study whether it is necessary for all children or just disadvantgaed children children of preschool age should be educated by their parents the gains attributed to it are often overstated
