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Chem notes for help it will, Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

British Computer Society (BCS)Chemistry

Notes for chemistry that will help you a lot and a lot and a lot, trust me on this trust, I am being fr

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2019/2020

Uploaded on 09/14/2023

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Formulas
โ€ข RF = ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐ ๐›๐›๐›๐› ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐ ๐›๐›๐›๐› ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ€ข Relative atomic mass (Ar) = (๐œ๐œ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ ร— % ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ) + (๐œ๐œ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐) ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ ร— % ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ)
๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ
โ€ข Mass = molesร—Mr
โ€ข Percentage Yield = ๐€๐€๐๐๐๐๐€๐€๐๐๐ญ๐ญ ๐›๐›๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐
๐“๐“๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ ๐›๐›๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐ร—100%
โ€ข Moles=Concentrationร—volume
โ€ข q = m ร— c ร— โ–ณT
o q is the heat transferred, j
o m is the mass of water, g
o c is the specific heat capacity, jg-1K-1
o T is the temperature, K
โ€ข molar enthalpy change = heat change for the reaction รท number of moles, ฮ”H = q รท n
โ€ข General formula :
o Alkane โ€“ CnH(2n+2)
o Alkene โ€“ CnH2n
o Alcohol - CnH2n+1OH
o Carboxylic acid - CnH2n+1COOH
Avogadro constant= 6.02ร—1023
RTP of gas=24dm3 or 24000cm3
ACRONYMS
โ€ข OILRIG - (O)xidation (I)s (L)oss of electron, (R)eduction (I)s (G)ain of electrons
โ€ข PANC - (P)ositive (A)node, (N)egative (C)athode
โ€ข Reactivity series: potassium please
Sodium send
Lithium ion
Calcium Cat
Magnesium Monkey
Aluminum and
Carbon cute
Zinc zebra
Iron in
Hydrogen hot
Copper countries
Silver Signed
Gold Gordon
HALOGENS
โ€ข Fluorine - Yellow gas
โ€ข Chlorine - Green gas
โ€ข Bromine - Red-Brown liquid
โ€ข Iodine - Grey solid, purple vapor
pf3
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Formulas

โ€ข RF = ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐^ ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐^ ๐›๐›๐›๐› ๐›๐›๐›๐›^ ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ ๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ^ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐

  • Relative atomic mass (A r ) = (๐œ๐œ๐๐๐๐๐๐^ ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ^ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐^ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ^ ร— %^ ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ^ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐^ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ) ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ^ +^ (๐œ๐œ๐๐๐๐๐๐^ ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ^ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐)^ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ^ ร— %^ ๐œ๐œ๐จ๐จ^ ๐๐๐๐๐œ๐œ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐œ๐œ๐๐^ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ)
  • Mass = molesร—M r
  • Percentage Yield = (^) ๐“๐“๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐œ๐œ๐ญ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐€๐€๐๐๐๐๐€๐€๐๐๐ญ๐ญ^ ๐›๐›๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐ ๐›๐›๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐ร—100%
  • Moles=Concentrationร—volume
  • q = m ร— c ร— โ–ณT o q is the heat transferred, j o m is the mass of water, g o c is the specific heat capacity, jg-1K - o T is the temperature, K
  • molar enthalpy change = heat change for the reaction รท number of moles, ฮ”H = q รท n
  • General formula : o Alkane โ€“ C n H (2n+2) o Alkene โ€“ C n H 2n o Alcohol - C n H 2n+1 OH o Carboxylic acid - C n H 2n+1 COOH

Avogadro constant= 6.02ร—10^23 RTP of gas=24dm^3 or 24000cm^3

ACRONYMS

  • OILRIG - (O)xidation (I)s (L)oss of electron, (R)eduction (I)s (G)ain of electrons
  • PANC - (P)ositive (A)node, (N)egative (C)athode
  • Reactivity series: potassium please Sodium send Lithium ion Calcium Cat Magnesium Monkey Aluminum and Carbon cute Zinc zebra Iron in Hydrogen hot Copper countries Silver Signed Gold Gordon

HALOGENS

  • Fluorine - Yellow gas
  • Chlorine - Green gas
  • Bromine - Red-Brown liquid
  • Iodine - Grey solid, purple vapor

% OF GASES

  • Nitrogen 78%
  • Oxygen 21%
  • Argon 0.9%
  • Carbon Dioxide 0.04%
  • Others 0.06%

Soluble Salts

  • All sodium
  • All potassium
  • All ammonium
  • All nitrates
  • All chloride except - silver, lead
  • All sulfates except - lead, barium, calcium

Insoluble Salts

  • All carbonates except - sodium, potassium, ammonium,
  • All hydroxides except - sodium, potassium, (calcium)

INDICATORS

Indicators Colour in acid Colour in alkaline Methyl Orange red yellow Phenolphthalein colourless pink litmus red blue

  • universal indicator ๏ƒ˜ red = strongly acidic (pH 0-3) ๏ƒ˜ Orange = weakly acidic (pH 4-6) ๏ƒ˜ Green = neutral (pH 7) ๏ƒ˜ Blue = weakly alkaline (pH 8-10) ๏ƒ˜ Purple = strongly alkaline (pH 11-14)

USES AND PROPERTIES

  • Aluminum ๏ƒ˜ aero planes (low-density) ๏ƒ˜ Electricity cables (good conductor, ductile) ๏ƒ˜ Saucepans (good conductors, malleable)
  • Low-Carbon steel ๏ƒ˜ Contains 0.25% carbon ๏ƒ˜ hard, strong, malleable, ductile ๏ƒ˜ uses: car bodies, bridges, shipbuilding ๏ƒ˜ disadvantages: high density(heavy), rust easily
  • High-Carbon steel ๏ƒ˜ contains 0.6 - 1.2% carbon ๏ƒ˜ harder and more resistant to wearing the low-carbon ๏ƒ˜ brittle ๏ƒ˜ uses: cutting tools e.g. knives, sword
  • Stainless steel ๏ƒ˜ Contains iron, chromium & nickel ๏ƒ˜ Oxide layer prevents corrosion ๏ƒ˜ Uses: sinks, saucepans, cutlery, gardening tools

REACTIONS

  • Metal + Acid โ†’ Salt + Hydrogen
  • Metal Hydroxide + Acid โ†’ Salt + Water
  • Metal Oxide + Acid โ†’ Salt + Water
  • Metal Carbonate + Acid โ†’ Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

Types of reaction

  • Substitution o A substitution reaction takes place when one functional group is replaced by another o Example: Methane reacts with bromine under ultraviolet light CH 4 + Br 2 โ†’ CH 3 Br + HBr Methane + Bromine โ†’ Bromomethane + Hydrogen Bromide
  • Addition o An addition reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule with no other products o Example: Bromine will react with ethene and the bromine molecule will react and add across the double bond of the ethene C 2 H 4 + Br 2 โ†’ C 2 H4Br (^2) Ethene + Bromine โ†’ Dibromoethane
  • Combustion o This is the scientific term for burning. In a combustion reaction, an organic substance reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide if incomplete combustion) and water. o Example: Alkenes burn when heated in the air of oxygen o If there is an unlimited supply of air/oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water: CH 4 + 2O 2 โ†’ CO 2 + 2H2O C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 โ†’ 3CO 2 + 4H2O o This is termed complete combustion o If there is a limited supply of air/oxygen, the products are carbon monoxide and water: CH 4 + ยฝO 2 โ†’ CO + 2H2O o This is termed incomplete combustion

SEPARATION OF MIXTURES

  • Crystallisation (used to separate self-produced soluble salt from the solution)
    • React
    • Filter to remove excess reactant
    • Heat to evaporate the solvent
    • Test if the solution is saturated by dipping glass rod, crystal would form on the glass (if saturated)
    • Cool & filter the solid crystal that form
    • Wash the crystal with cold distilled water
    • allow them to dry in a warm place
  • Simple distillation (used to separate a liquid and soluble solid from a solution)
    • heat the solution in a boiling flask which connect to a condenser
    • pure liquid evaporates
    • vapours cool down in the condenser
    • Collect pure liquid from the condenser in a beaker
    • After all the liquid has evaporated only solid solute is left behind
  • Fractional distillation (used to separate a mixture of two or more liquids with different temperatures)

- (Liquid A โ€“ Lowest boiling point, Liquid B โ€“ Second lowest boiling point)

  • Heat up to the boiling point of the liquid A
  • Liquid A will evaporate first
  • pass the vapours in a condenser to cool & condense
  • Pure liquid A will form in the condenser
  • Collect pure liquid A in a beaker
  • Stop heating immediately when the temperature starts reaching the boiling point of liquid B
  • Filtration (used to separate undissolved solids in a liquid)
  • Place filter funnel with filter paper on it above a beaker
  • Pour the mixture into the filter funnel
  • Collect liquid in the beaker
  • Undissolved solids should be left behind in the filter funnel
  • Fractional distillation(used to separate crude oil)
  • Crude oil is heated so vapours rise
  • Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately condense into liquid at the higher temperatures lower down and are tapped off at the bottom of the column
  • Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off
  • The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids
  • The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractionating column as gases
  • The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column

Naming Organic Compound

First Part of the name Second part of the name Name Number of carbon atoms Name Functional Group Family Methโ€ฆ 1 โ€ฆAne None Alkane Ethโ€ฆ 2 โ€ฆEne C=C Alkene Propโ€ฆ 3 โ€ฆAnol R-OH Alcohol Butโ€ฆ 4 โ€ฆAnoic Acid R-C=I-OH Carboxylic Acid Pentโ€ฆ 5 โ€ฆAmine R-NH 2 Amine Hexโ€ฆ 6 โ€ฆYlโ€ฆAnoate R-C=O-O-R Esters