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Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
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TLPs - ansR- Receive the mission I- Issue Warno M- Make a tentative plan I- Initiate movement C- Conduct recon C- Complete the plan I- Issue the order S- Supervise/Refine Foundations of Unified Land Operations - ans1. I- Initiative
- D- Decisive action
- C- Army core competencies
- M- Mission command Initiative - ansOperational initiative is setting or dictating the terms of action throughout an operation. Individual initiative is the willingness to act in the absence of orders, when existing orders no longer fit the situation, or when unforeseen opportunities or threats arise. Decisive action - ansa. Decisive action—the continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks. Decisive action tasks - ansi. An offensive task is a task conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and population centers. ii. A defensive task is a task conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability tasks. iii. Stability is an overarching term encompassing various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. iv. Defense support of civil authorities is support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, Department of Defense civilians, Department of Defense contract personnel, Department of Defense component assets, and National Guard forces. Army core competencies - ansa. Combined arms maneuver is the application of the elements of combat power in unified action to defeat enemy ground forces; to seize, occupy, and defend land areas; and to achieve physical, temporal, and psychological advantages over the enemy to seize and exploit the initiative. b. Wide area security is the application of the elements of combat power in unified action to protect populations, forces, infrastructure, and activities; to deny the enemy positions of advantage; and to consolidate gains in order to retain the initiative
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Mission command - ansMission command is the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations. Six fundamental principles of Mission command - ansB- Build cohesive teams through mutual trust C- Create shared understanding P- Provide a clear commander's intent E- Exercise disciplined initiative U- Use mission orders A- Accept prudent risk Tenants of Unified Land Operations - ansF- Flexibility I- Integration L- Lethality A- Adaptability D- Depth S- Synchronization Principles of joint operations - ansO- Objective O- Offensive M- Mass M- Maneuver E- Economy of force U- Unity of command S- Security S- Surprise S- Simplicity R- Restraint P- Perseverance L- Legitimacy IPB - ansIntelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) is the systematic process of analyzing the mission variables of enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations in an area of interest to determine their effect on operations. Steps of IPB - ansD- Define the operational environment a. Defining the operational environment results in the identification of significant characteristics of the operational environment that can affect friendly and enemy operations. This step also results in the identification of gaps in current intelligence holdings. D- Describe environmental effects on operations
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A pursuit normally follows a successful exploitation. However, any offensive task can transition into a pursuit, if enemy resistance has broken down and the enemy is fleeing the battlefield. Defensive tasks - ansA- Area defense M- Mobile defense R- Retrograde Area defense - ansThe area defense is a defensive task that concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright. The focus of the area defense is on retaining terrain where the bulk of the defending force positions itself in mutually supporting, prepared positions. Units maintain their positions and control the terrain between these positions. Mobile defense - ansThe mobile defense is a defensive task that concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force. The mobile defense focuses on defeating or destroying the enemy by allowing enemy forces to advance to a point where they are exposed to a decisive counterattack by the striking force. The striking force is a dedicated counterattack force in a mobile defense constituted with the bulk of available combat power. A fixing force supplements the striking force. The commander uses the fixing force to hold attacking enemy forces in position, to help channel attacking enemy forces into ambush areas, and to retain areas from which to launch the striking force. Retrograde - ansThe retrograde is a defensive task that involves organized movement away from the enemy. The retrograde is a transitional operation; it is not conducted in isolation. It is part of a larger scheme of maneuver designed to regain the initiative and defeat the enemy. Three forms of the retrograde - ansD- Delay W- Withdrawal R- Retirement Delay - ansA delaying operation is an operation in which a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy's momentum and inflicting maximum damage on the enemy without, in principle, becoming decisively engaged. Withdrawal - ansA withdrawal operation is a planned retrograde operation in which a force in contact disengages from an enemy force and moves in a direction away from the enemy.
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Retirement - ansA retirement is a form of retrograde in which a force out of contact moves away from the enemy. Characteristics of the offense - ansA- Audacity C- Concentration S- Surprise T- Tempo Audacity - ansAudacity means boldly executing a simple plan of action. Concentration - ansConcentration is the massing of overwhelming effects of combat power to achieve a single purpose. Surprise - ansIn the offense, commanders achieve surprise by attacking the enemy at a time or place the enemy does not expect or in a manner that the enemy is unprepared for. Tempo - ansControlling or altering tempo is necessary to retain the initiative.
- At the operational level, a faster tempo allows attackers to disrupt enemy defensive plans by achieving results quicker than the enemy can respond.
- At the tactical level, a faster tempo allows attackers to quickly penetrate barriers and defenses and destroy enemy forces in depth before they can react. Characteristics of the defense - ansD- Disruption F- Flexibility M- Maneuver M- Mass and concentration O- Operations in depth P- Preparation S- Security Disruption - ansDefenders disrupt the attackers' tempo and synchronization with actions designed to prevent them from massing combat power. Disruption methods include misdirecting or destroying enemy reconnaissance forces, breaking up formations, isolating units, and attacking or disrupting systems. Use spoiling attacks before enemies can focus combat power and counterattack before the attackering enemy can consolidate any gains. Flexibility - ansThe conduct of the defense requires flexible plans. Maneuver - ansManeuver allows the defender to take full advantage of the area of operations and to mass and concentrate when desirable. Mass and concentration - ansDefenders seek to mass the effects of overwhelming combat power where they choose and shift it to support the decisive operation. Operations in depth - ansSimultaneous application of combat power throughout the area of operations improves the chances for success while minimizing friendly casualties. Quick, violent, and simultaneous action throughout the depth of the defender's area of operations can
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P- Provide reaction time/mnvr space Airborne assault planning - ansG- Ground tactical plan L- Landing plan A- Air movement plan M- Marshalling plan Ground Tactical Plan - ansThe subordinate commander requires the ground tactical plan of his higher headquarters before he can begin planning. He needs to know the type, location, and size of objectives and the enemy situation at each one; the mission and intent of higher headquarters two levels up; and his task and purpose. The ground tactical plan is generated down the chain of command as a mutual effort. Landing Plan - ansThe landing plan is the ABNAFC's plan that links the air movement plan to the ground tactical plan. It is published at brigade level and below. Before the ABNAFC can prepare an overall landing plan, he must know where the subordinate commander wants to place his assault force. The landing plan is generated up the chain of command as a mutual effort. Air Movement Plan - ansThe air movement plan provides the information required to move the airborne force from the departure airfields to the objective area. This plan is the third step in the reverse planning process and covers the period from when units load to when they exit the aircraft. The airborne commander designates the subordinate unit's sequence of airflow and allocates aircraft. This allows the subordinate commanders to conduct air movement planning. The air movement plan is generated up the chain of command as a mutual effort. Marshalling Plan - ansThis plan is developed last in the reverse planning sequence and is based on the requirements of the other plans. It provides the needed information for units of the assault force to prepare for combat, to move to departure airfields, and to load aircraft. The marshalling plan provides detailed instructions for facilities and services needed during marshalling. It is generated down the chain of command. Principles of direct fire control - ansM- Mass the effects of fire D- Destroy the greatest threat first A- Avoid target overkill E- Employ the best weapon for the target M- Minimize friendly exposure P- Plan and implement fratricide avoidance measures P- Plan for extreme limited visibility conditions D- Develop contingencies for diminished capabilities Forms of maneuver - ansE- Envelopment F- Flank A- Attack
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F- Frontal attack I- Infiltration P- Penetration T- Turning movement Envelopment - ansA form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to avoid the principal enemy defenses by seizing objectives behind those defenses that allow the targeted enemy force to be destroyed in their current positions. Attack - ansAn offensive task that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both. Frontal attack - ansA form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to destroy a weaker enemy force or fix a larger enemy force in place over a broad front. Infiltration - ansA form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage in the enemy rear while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires. Penetration - ansA form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to rupture enemy defenses on a narrow front to disrupt the defensive system. Turning movement - ansA form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to avoid the enemy's principle defensive positions by seizing objectives behind the enemy's current positions thereby causing the enemy force to move out of their current positions or divert major forces to meet the threat. Breaching - ansBreaching operations are conducted when the company cannot bypass the obstacles with maneuver. Fundamentals/tenets of breaching - ansI- Intelligence F- Fundamentals O- Organization M- Mass S- Synchronization Intelligence (Breaching) - ansAll information about the obstacles to create SA. Fundamentals (Breaching) - ansS- Suppress O- Obscure S- Secure R- Reduce A- Assault Suppress (Breaching) - ansAn attack on enemy personnel, weapons, or equipment, conducted to prevent or degrade enemy fires and observation of friendly forces. The purpose of suppression during breaching operations is to protect forces while they reduce and maneuver through an obstacle.
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Intelligence - ansThe intelligence warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that facilitate understanding the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations. Fires - ansThe fires warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, air and missile defense, and joint fires through the targeting process. Sustainment - ansThe sustainment warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance. Protection - ansThe protection warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that preserve the force so the commander can apply maximum combat power to accomplish the mission. Engagement area development (Aviation) - ansI- IPB S- Select the ground I- Integrate the EA P- Plan the direct fire fight F- Fire control R- Review R- Rehearse E- Execute Engagement area development (Infantry) - ansI- Identify enemy avenues of approach(aoa) D- Determine enemy scheme of maneuver D- Determine where to kill the enemy E- Emplace weapons systems P- Plan and integrate obstacles P- Plan and integrate indirect fires R- Rehearse Military aspects of terrain - ansO- Obstacles A- Aoa K- Key/decisive terrain O- Observation/fields of fire C- Cover/concealment Five paragraph operations order - ansS- Situation M- Mission E- Execution S- Service support
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C- Command and signal Commander's critical information requirements - ansCommander's critical information requirements comprise information requirements identified by the commander as being critical in facilitating timely information management and the decision-making process that affect successful mission accomplishment. The two key subcomponents are critical friendly force information and priority intelligence requirements. Core competencies of army aviation - ansP- Provide accurate and timely information collection P- Provide reaction time and maneuver space D- DESTROY, DEFEAT, DISRUPT, DIVERT, OR DELAY ENEMY FORCES A- Air assault ground maneuver forces A- Air movement of personnel, equipment, and supplies E- Evacuate wounded or recover isolated personnel E- Enable mission command over extended ranges and complex terrain Ambush - ansAn attack by fire or other destructive means from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy. Disrupt - ansA tactical mission task in which a commander integrates direct and indirect fires, terrain, and obstacles to upset an enemy's formation or tempo, interrupt his timetable, or cause enemy forces to commit prematurely or attack in piecemeal fashion. An obstacle effect that focuses fire planning and obstacle effort to cause the enemy to break up his formation and tempo, interrupt his timetable, commit breaching assets prematurely, and attack in a piecemeal effort. Interdict - ansA tactical mission task where the commander prevents, disrupts, or delays the enemy's use of an area or route. Secure - ansA tactical mission task that involves preventing a unit, facility, or geographical location from being damaged or destroyed as a result of enemy action. Turn - ansA tactical mission task that involves forcing an enemy force from one avenue of approach or mobility corridor to another. A tactical obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to divert an enemy formation from one avenue of approach to an adjacent avenue of approach or into an engagement area. Attack by fire - ansA tactical mission task in which a commander uses direct fires, supported by indirect fires, to engage an enemy force without closing with the enemy to destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive that enemy. Obstacle effects - ansTurn, Disrupt, Fix, Block Clear - ansA tactical mission task that requires the commander to remove all enemy forces and eliminate organized resistance within an assigned area. To eliminate transmissions on a tactical radio net in order to allow a higher-precedence transmission to occur. The total
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so badly that it cannot perform any function or be restored to a usable condition without being entirely rebuilt. Defeat - ansA tactical mission task that occurs when an enemy force has temporarily or permanently lost the physical means or the will to fight. The defeated force's commander is unwilling or unable to pursue his adopted course of action, thereby yielding to the friendly commander's will, and can no longer interfere to a significant degree with the actions of friendly forces. Defeat can result from the use of force or the threat of its use. Divert - ansCause the enemy to modify his course or route of attack. Air movement - ansOperations involving the use of utility and cargo rotary-wing assets for other than air assaults. Movement to contact - ansAn offensive task designed to develop the situation and establish or regain contact.
- ans Troop Leading Procedures - ansi. Receive the mission ii. Issue Warning order iii. Make a tentative plan iv. Initiate movement v. Reconnoiter vi. Complete the plan vii. Issue OPORD Supervise Tenets and Foundations of Unified Land Operations - ansi. Tenets (FIL ADS)
- Flexibility
- Integration
- Lethality
- Adaptability
- Depth
- Synchronization ii. Foundations (I DAM)
- Initiative
- Decisive Action
- Army Core Competencies
- Mission Command Principles of Joint Operations - ansi. Objective ii. Offensive iii. Mass
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iv. Maneuver v. Economy of Force vi. Unity of Command vii. Security viii. Surprise ix. Simplicity x. Perseverance xi. Legitimacy xii. Restraint Steps of IPB - ansi. Define the Operation Environment ii. Describe the Environmental Effects on the Operations iii. Evaluate the Threat iv. Determine Threat COAs The Mission Statement - ansi. The task and purpose that clearly indicate the action to be taken and the reason for the action.
- Higher Headquarters' (Two Levels Up) Mission, Intent, and Concept
- Immediate higher headquarters' (One Level Up) Mission, Intent, and Concept
- Unit's Purpose
- Constraints
- Specified, Implied and Essential Tasks Restated Mission Decisive Point - ansA geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute materially to achieving success Offensive Tasks - ansi. Movement to Contact ii. Attack iii. Exploitation iv. Pursuit Defensive Tasks - ansi. Area defense ii. Mobile defense iii. Retrograde Characteristics of the Offense - ansi. Audacity ii. Concentration iii. Surprise iv. Tempo Characteristics of the Defense - ansi. i. Disruption
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vi. Turning movement Fundamentals/Tenets of Breaching - ansi. Fundamentals (SOSRA)
- Suppress
- Obscure
- Secure
- Reduce
- Assault ii. Tenets (IFOMS)
- Intelligence
- Fundamentals
- Organization
- Mass
- Synchronization Elements of Combat Power and the Warfighting Functions - ansi. Mission Command ii. Movement and Maneuver iii. Intelligence iv. Fires v. Sustainment vi. Protection Engagement Area Development - ansi. Identify all likely enemy avenues of approach ii. Determine likely enemy schemes of maneuver iii. Determine where to kill the enemy iv. Emplace weapons systems v. Plan and integrate obstacles vi. Plan and integrate indirect fires vii. Rehearse the execution of operations in the EA Military Aspects of Terrain/OAKOC - ansi. Obstacle ii. Avenues of Approach iii. Key Terrain iv. Observation and Fields of Fire v. Cover and Concealment Five Paragraph Operations Order - ansi. Situation ii. Mission Statement iii. Execution iv. Sustainment v. Command and Signal
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Commander's Critical Information Requirements - ansi. Identify and filter information needed by leaders to support their vision and to make critical decisions, especially to determine or validate COAs. The Core Competencies of Army Aviation - ansi. Provide Accurate and Timely Information Collection ii. Provide Reaction Time and Maneuver Space iii. Destroy, Defeat, Disrupt, Divert, or Delay Enemy Forces iv. Air Assault Ground Maneuver Force v. Air Movement of Personnel, Equipment and Supplies vi. Evacuate Wounded or Recover Isolated Personnel vii. Enable Mission Command over Extended Ranges and Complex Terrain What are the steps in the Military Decision Making Process? - ans7 (MADACAP) 1 - Mission (receive the mission) 2 - Analyze the mission 3 - Development (COA development) 4 - Analysis (COA Analysis) 5 - Comparison (COA Comparison) 6 - Approval (COA Approval) 7 - Produce OPORD Step 1 Receive the Mission - ansConduct initial assessment. Time is the factor that determines the detail of the plan. Issue commander guidance. Issue WARNO Operational Variable - ansPMESII-PT political military economic social information infrastructure physical terrain time Mission Variable - ansMETT-TC mission enemy
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ave of approach key terrains obstacles cover and concealments IPB Step 2: Define Environmental Effects. OAKOC Avenues of Approach What is difference key terrain and decisive terrain? - ansKey terrain - a location if seized, or retain gives the advantage Decisive terrain - when present, it is a key terrain if seized or retain is mandatory for mission accomplishment IPB Step 2: Define Environmental Effects. What is a COO and MCOO - ansCOO - combine obstacle overlay = vegetation + surface drainage + other obstacles MCOO - modified combine obstacle overlay = graphic reflect result of terrain analysis and battlefield effects = COO + EA + Key terrain + mobility corridor IPB Step 3: Evaluate Threat What are the 6 warfighting functions? - ans6 Warfighting functions - Protection Intelligence Command and Control Sustainment Maneuver Fire Support (PICS-MF) IPB Step 3: Evaluate Threat What is the difference between HVT vs HPT - anshigh value target - assets enemy commander needs for successful COA
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high payoff target - enemy target loss would contribute to friendly force COA IPB Step 4: Determine Enemy COA SITEMP and EVENTEMP - ansSITEMP = MCOO + enemy doctrinal template EVENTEMP (graphic overlay use to confirm or deny enemy COA) = NAI + TPL + Enemy decision point IPB Step 4: Determine Enemy COA EVENTEMP, what is NAI, TPL, Enemy decision point? - ansNAI - name area of interest, geographical area where information that will satisfy a specific information requirement can be collected. It is where the treat courses of action differ and answers a specific question. TPL - time phase line, geographic areas that depict enemy activity will occur Enemy Decision Point - a point in time and space when the enemy commander anticipates making a decision regarding a specific COA What is specific task implied task essential task - ansspecific task - task assign by higher hq implied - task you need to do to accomplish specific task essential task - implied task that must be executed to accomplish the mission What is a constrain? - ansrestriction placed on by command by higher command What is the difference between fact and assumption? - ansFacts: statement of truth Assumption: supposition on the current or presupposition on future Whats difference between tactical vs accident risk? - ansTactical - risk associated with hazard that exist due to presence of the enemy on the battlefield Accident - includes all operational risk considerations other than tactical
