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CBIS EXAM PREP 250 QUESTIONS WITH
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"diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) - CORRECT ANSWER=> an MRI method that maps the diffusion of
molecules, primarily water, in a person's body non-invasively"
"acceleration-deceleration forces - CORRECT ANSWER=> sudden impact following a high velocity of
speed, frequently resulting in brain injury"
"intracranial pressure (ICP) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Pressure inside the skull from the brain and CSF.
Pressure may vary due to production and absorption of CSF following injury."
"subdural hematoma (SDH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> bleeding into the space between the dura mater
and the arachnoid layers of the meninges"
"hydrocephalus - CORRECT ANSWER=> Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles
of the brain"
"diffuse axonal injury (DAI) - CORRECT ANSWER=> brain injury occurring when the white matter tracts
are stretched and broken, resulting in extensive, widespread damage"
"hypoxia/anoxia - CORRECT ANSWER=> decrease in/absence of oxygen getting to the brain; results in
cell death"
"major descending nerve tracts - CORRECT ANSWER=> -anterior corticospinal tract
-lateral corticospinal tract -rubrospinal tract -tectospinal tract"
"major ascending nerve tracts - CORRECT ANSWER=> -fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis
-Lissauer's tract -anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts -spinothalamic tracts -spinoreticular tract -spinotectal tract"
"neuroprotection - CORRECT ANSWER=> preservation of neuronal functioning and structure; reducing
the rate of neuronal loss over time; refers to the ability of a drug or biological agent to prevent brain cells from dying"
"neuroplasticity - CORRECT ANSWER=> the ability of the brain to change its structure or function due
to the environment; refers to the ability of the nervous system to regenerate and reorganize itself, and to form new connections in order to compensate for injury or adapt to changes in the environment"
"secondary injury cascade - CORRECT ANSWER=> Primary injury (primary damage/mechanical
damage) leads to secondary injury (pathophysiological processes, delayed non-mechanical processes. Phase 1 of secondary injury includes impaired blood flow, tissue damage, metabolic imbalance, membrane permeability--these lead to edema formation, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier breakdown. Phase 2 includes axon terminal depolarization, intracellular breakdown, apoptosis, release of excitatory neurotransmitters, free radical generation, and necrosis--these processes ultimately lead to cell death."
"experience-dependent learning - CORRECT ANSWER=> as our experiences change, the brain's
morphology/structure changes; I.e. Hebbian learning, "neurons that fire together wire together""
"polytherapies - CORRECT ANSWER=> the use of more than one treatment method in a combined
therapeutic approach"
"reactive axonal sprouting and synaptogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER=> When a subset of neural
projections to a brain region is lost, remaining ones sprout and form new synaptic connections onto the partially denervated neurons; this phenomenon supports the idea that the adult injured brain can reorganize and repair itself."
"excitotoxicity - CORRECT ANSWER=> the process by which nerve cells are damaged and die due to
overexcitation; occurs when a neuron is no longer able to maintain its resting potential as a result of impairment of the sodium-potassium pump in combination with large-scale increases in extracellular excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate"
"apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER=> a naturally occurring process that involves a controlled sequence of
steps that tell a cell to terminate itself; cell death"
"long-term potentiation (LTP) - CORRECT ANSWER=> in neuroscientific research, a long-lasting signal
that occurs between two neurons when they are stimulated simultaneously"
PTA > 7 days GCS = 3-8"
"metabolic alterations - CORRECT ANSWER=> adverse chemical changes in the brain following head
injury"
"axonal shearing - CORRECT ANSWER=> a condition of damage to axons, as a result of being twisted
and disconnected in a violent agitating motion"
"second-impact syndrome (SIS) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Occurs when an athlete or individual sustains
an initial concussion and then sustains a second head injury before symptoms from the first have fully resolved; can occur minutes, days, or weeks after the initial concussion; can be fatal or result in severe disability; may occur due to diffuse cerebral swelling or secondary to a subdural hematoma" "How long does it typically take for mTBI symptoms to resolve? What percentage of people experience
persistent problems after that point? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Most symptoms resolve within 2-4 weeks.
About 10%-15% of persons experience persistent problems after that point."
"physical/somatic symptoms of mTBI - CORRECT ANSWER=> Headache
Fatigue Seizure Nausea Numbness Poor sleep Light sensitivity Noise sensitivity Impaired hearing Blurred vision Dizziness/loss of balance Neurologic abnormalities"
"cognitive symptoms of mTBI - CORRECT ANSWER=> Inattentiveness
Diminished concentration Poor memory Impaired judgment Slowed processing speed Executive dysfunction"
"behavioral/emotional symptoms of mTBI - CORRECT ANSWER=> Depression
Anxiety Agitation Irritability Aggression Impulsivity"
"convergence insufficiency - CORRECT ANSWER=> a condition in which the eyes cannot focus
effectively together, creating difficulty with reading, and triggering headaches"
"frontal release - CORRECT ANSWER=> a syndrome resulting from damage to the frontal areas of the
brain; characterized by disinhibition and abnormal behaviors"
"occipital neuralgia - CORRECT ANSWER=> a condition caused by either direct trauma or secondary
sensitization from recurring central headaches; usually associated with pain in the back of the head that worsens as the day progresses"
"cervicalgia - CORRECT ANSWER=> simple neck pain; frequently associated with mTBI and when not
treated swiftly, commonly causes both headaches and chronic pain syndromes"
"trigeminal nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER=> bundle of sensory nerves; the largest of the cranial nerve
nuclei; extends through the midbrain, pons, and medulla"
"orthostatic hypotension - CORRECT ANSWER=> when a person's blood pressure drops quickly upon
standing"
"Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a disorder of the inner ear
resulting in positional vertigo, causing a spinning sensation; an episode of mild-to-extreme dizziness that is a result of a change of position of the head"
"nystagmus - CORRECT ANSWER=> involuntary, rapid eye movements known to be a hallmark of BPPV;
may be side-to-side, up-and-down, or rotary (horizontal/vertical/torsional)"
"persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a complex disorder following a
concussion, lasting for weeks or months, consisting of symptoms such as headaches or dizziness; symptoms lasting longer than 4 weeks post mTBI"
"predictive PPCS risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER=> Age > 40
Being female Traumatically injured Low SES History of substance misuse Pending litigation Previous psychiatric diagnoses"
"disorder of consciousness (DOC) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a state of impaired consciousness as a result
of an injury to the brain"
"dystonia - CORRECT ANSWER=> the involuntary contraction of muscles causing uncontrollable
movements of the particular muscle"
"Common medical challenges associated with DOC - CORRECT ANSWER=> Skin breakdown
Respiratory issues Bowel/bladder dysfunction Autonomic dysfunction syndrome"
"tracheostomy tube - CORRECT ANSWER=> a tube inserted into an opening in the neck below the level
of the vocal folds to provide oxygen-rich air into the lungs, bypassing the mouth and nose"
"obstructive vs. central sleep apnea - CORRECT ANSWER=> Obstructive sleep apnea: decreased muscle
tone in the structures of the mouth and throat may cause reduced airway opening Central sleep apnea: the injury to the nervous system disrupts the message sent from the brain to the muscles that control respiration, causing disruption in breathing"
"tracheal aspiration - CORRECT ANSWER=> entry of foreign matter, such as enteral feeding, into the
respiratory system"
"pharmacologic neuromodulation - CORRECT ANSWER=> The use of medicine for the electrical
stimulation of nerves." "Neurobehavioral assessments determined to have acceptable standardization for individuals with DOC -
CORRECT ANSWER=> Coma/Near Coma Scale (CNC)
Coma Recovery Scale - Revised (CRS-R) The Disorders of Consciousness Scale (DOCS) Sensory Modality Assessment and Rehabilitation Technique (SMART) Sensory Stimulation Assessment Measure (SSAM) Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) Western Neurons Sensory Stimulation Profile (WNSSP)"
"Goal types for individuals with DOC - CORRECT ANSWER=> Response-based
Tolerance for stimuli or intervention Risk management Caregiver development"
"Differences between a traditional rehabilitation candidate and persons with DOC - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Goals: functional skills vs. responses to stimuli, tolerance for stimuli/activity, risk
management, and caregiver development Person can't participate in goal-setting process and is a passive participant in therapeutic activity
Person does not have volitional control over responses or functioning"
"Typical response types to stimuli for individuals with DOC - CORRECT ANSWER=> No response (NR)
Generalized response (GR) Localized response (LR)"
"What percentage of TBIs are mild? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 75%"
"What is the annual incidence of TBI? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 2.5 million people sustain a TBI annually
in the U.S. (over 2 million emergency department visits--81%)"
"Age groups most likely to sustain a TBI - CORRECT ANSWER=> Adolescents age 15-
Young adults age 20- Adults age 65 and older Adults age 75 and older have highest rates of TBI-related hospitalization and death" "Anoxia is an example of a. Traumatic impact injury b. Traumatic inertial injury c. Non-penetrating traumatic injury
d. Non-traumatic injury - CORRECT ANSWER=> d. Non-traumatic injury"
"What is the life expectancy reduction of persons with TBI? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 7 years"
"What age group has the highest rate of death due to TBI? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Over 75 years of
age"
"What is the cause of most TBI related emergency department visits and hospitalizations? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Falls"
"What is the leading cause of TBI death? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Motor vehicle accidents"
"What is the cause of TBI with the highest rate of death? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Gunshot wounds"
"The percentage of female victims of domestic violence with symptoms associated with brain injury is a. 17% b. 37% c. 57%
d. 67% - CORRECT ANSWER=> d. 67%"
"Traumatic Inertial injury is caused by a. internal insult
c. metabolic imbalance d. a and b
e. all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER=> c. metabolic imbalance"
"The accrediting body of choice for brain injury rehabilitation is a. LTAC b CARF c. JCAHO
d. ACRM - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. CARF"
"Appropriate treatment strategies for Coma-Emergent Agitation may include a. Consequence or learning based programming b. Medications c. Environmental Management d. Behaviorally Based interventions e. a, b, and c
f. b, c, and d - CORRECT ANSWER=> f. b, c, and d"
"The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is the foundation for a. Vocational Rehabilitation b. Section 504 Accommodation Plans c. Individual Education Plans d. Answer A and B
e. Answers B and C - CORRECT ANSWER=> d. Answer A and B"
"The percent of persons with SCI who also have TBI a. 25% b. 40% c. 60% d. 75%
e. 80% - CORRECT ANSWER=> c. 60%"
"The limbic system is comprised of a. hippocampus and amygdala b. thalmus and hypothalmus c. frontal and temporal lobes d. occipital and parietal lobes
e. A and D - CORRECT ANSWER=> a. hippocampus and amygdala"
"A compound or strategy that limits neuronal death following injury and/or enhances recovery a. Apoptosis b. Excitotoxicity c. Neuroplasticity
d. Neuroprotection - CORRECT ANSWER=> d. Neuroprotection"
"This describes when a neuron cannot maintain its resting potential resulting in repeated firing a. apoptosis b. excitotoxicity c. neuroplasticity
d. neuroprotection - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. excitotoxicity"
"Diagnosing Frontal Lobe Deficits versus Depression has to do with a. the individual's ability to recognize and acknowledge the deficits b. outcomes on the GCS c. results of CT d. thorough family history
e. all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER=> a. the individual's ability to recognize and acknowledge the
deficits" "These medications are typically recommended by Urologists for incontinent bladder management a. anti-biotics b. anti-epileptics c. NSAIDS d. histamine blockers
e. Anti-cholinergics - CORRECT ANSWER=> e. Anti-cholinergics"
"Convulsions occur within 7 days following the injury and are purported to occur as a direct result of the trauma , with approximately 50% occurring within 24 hours of impact and is a strong risk factor for post- traumatic epilepsy a. Immediate Post Traumatic Convulsions b. Early Post-Traumatic Seizures c. Status Epilepticus
d. Late Post-Traumatic Seizures - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Early Post-Traumatic Seizures"
"Damage to this area of the brain most likely responsible for disorders of consciousness - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Reticular activating system"
"C-O-L-D-E-R stands for a. Character-Occurrences-Location-Disorder-Exacerbation-Results b. Coping-Occurrences-Location-Duration-Exacerbation-Results c. Character-Onset-Location-Duration-Exacerbation-Relief d. Character-Onset-Location-Duration-Exacerbation-Results
e. Chronic-Onset-Location-Duration-Exacerbation-Relief - CORRECT ANSWER=> c. Character-Onset-
Location-Duration-Exacerbation-Relief *Refers to the headache review of systems"
d. Any event that changes the probability of the response in the future - CORRECT ANSWER=> a. Any
variable that temporarily alters the effectiveness of some stimulus or event as a reinforcer" "A psychiatric disorder characterized by short or long term personality disturbance attributed to a brain dysfunction, injury or disease. a. Schizoaffective Disorder b. Organic Personality Disorder c. Bipolar Affective Disorder d. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
e. Sociopath - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Organic Personality Disorder"
"The amount of people receiving rehabilitation for TBI or treatment for substance misuse who have a history of both TBI and Substance misuse a. 1/ b. 2/ c. 1/
d. 3/4 - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. 2/3"
"How much higher is the risk of substance misuse following injury if there was substance misuse prior to
injury? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 10x higher"
"\Which of the following is most true regarding Person Centered Care? a. All persons are able to direct their own care b. Impaired self-awareness may be a challenge to Person Centered Care planning c. Persons with TBI are generally unable to benefit from Person Centered Care d. Impaired self-awareness limits Person Centered Care only in Acute Rehabilitation
e. B and C - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Impaired self-awareness may be a challenge to Person Centered
Care planning" "Medical staff discomfort or inexperience in treating certain patients or conditions (without intended malice) best describes the following: a. Staff apathy b. Coping Hypothesis c. Benign Neglect d. Exploitation
e. Abuse - CORRECT ANSWER=> c. Benign Neglect"
"Brown-Sequard Syndrome presents with a. weakness in arms not legs b. loss of muscle control, pain and temperature sensation below site of injury c. muscle control one side (arm and leg) affected
d. muscle strength intact but no proprioception - CORRECT ANSWER=> c. muscle control one side (arm
and leg) affected"
"The fastest and most available diagnostic imagery for skull fracture, bleeding and swelling is a. X-ray b. CT c. MRI
d. DTI - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. CT"
"This non-invasive method of stimulating the brain using electromagnetic induction is used as a treatment modality for depression, stroke, migraines and Parkinson's disease a. Constraint induced therapy b. Epley Maneuver c. Magnetic Resonance
d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER=> d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation"
"A headache that occurs at least 15 days per month for at least 3 months is considered a. Migraine b. Primary c. Secondary
d. Chronic - CORRECT ANSWER=> d. Chronic"
"Abnormal, usually permanent condition of joints characterized by decreased range of motion, often in flexed position, and fixation due to wasting away and shortening of muscle fibers and loss of skin elasticity a. contractures b. heterotopic ossification c. hyperreflexia
d. spasticity - CORRECT ANSWER=> a. contractures"
"What is DVT? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Deep vein thrombosis: a blood clot in any deep veinous part of
the circulatory system" "The science of prediction and change of socially significant behaviors is a. Neuropsychiatry b. Neuropsychology c. Applied Behavioral Analysis
d. Cognitive Rehabilitation - CORRECT ANSWER=> c. Applied Behavioral Analysis"
"This branch of neuropsychology uses specialized testing procedures to relate behavior changes to lesion sites and specific brain mechanisms a. Experimental b. Clinical c. Restorative
d. Compensatory - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Clinical"
d. Hazardous use - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Substance use disorder"
"Shaken baby syndrome would be classified as a. Traumatic impact injury b. Traumatic inertial injury c. Open brain injury
d. Non-traumatic injury - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Traumatic inertial injury"
"Which is the most true regarding outcomes for children with AHT/SBS? a. More than 70% survive with long term disability b. More than 50% die as a result of the injury c. Approximately 30% survive with no disability
d. There are no published outcomes for AHT/SBS - CORRECT ANSWER=> a. More than 70% survive with
long term disability" "The specific battery for neuropsychological testing most prescribed by the Department of Defense for service members with a mTBI is a. MACE b. ANAM c. Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI)
d. None. The DoD does not prescribe specific batteries for neuropsych testing - CORRECT ANSWER=> d.
None. The DoD does not prescribe specific batteries for neuropsych testing" "What percent of service members with mTBI also have PTSD? a. 37% b. 44% c. 56%
d. 75% - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. 44%"
"Comprehensive Holistic treatment is most likely provided via a. Polytrauma rehabilitation centers b. Community integrated rehabilitation c. WRAMC
d. VA clinic - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Community integrated rehabilitation"
"Cognitive Behavioral Family Theory a. Integrates the primary tenants of A-B-C b. Is grounded in the notion that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts c. Has been widely embraced in the field of childhood disability and pediatric populations
d. Encompasses a set of skills rather than personality traits - CORRECT ANSWER=> a. Integrates the
primary tenants of A-B-C" "Family Centered Services
a. Integrates the primary tenants of A-B-C b. Is grounded in the notion that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts c. Has been widely embraced in the field of childhood disability and pediatric populations
d. Encompasses a set of skills rather than personality traits - CORRECT ANSWER=> c. Has been widely
embraced in the field of childhood disability and pediatric populations" "Resilience Theory a. Integrates the primary tenants of A-B-C b. Is grounded in the notion that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts c. Has been widely embraced in the field of childhood disability and pediatric populations
d. Encompasses a set of skills rather than personality traits - CORRECT ANSWER=> d. Encompasses a
set of skills rather than personality traits" "Family Systems Theory a. Integrates the primary tenants of A-B-C b. Is grounded in the notion that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts c. Has been widely embraced in the field of childhood disability and pediatric populations
d. Encompasses a set of skills rather than personality traits - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Is grounded in the
notion that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" "Military return to duty may be based on a. Asymptomatic at exertion b. Score on MACE c. Orders from commander d. A and B only
e. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER=> e. All of the above"
"According to the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, how many more calories will a person require during the acute phase following a head injury, as compared to what he or she needed before the injury?
- CORRECT ANSWER=> A person will require at least 40% more calories than he or she needed before the injury"
"National dysphagia diet levels for foods - CORRECT ANSWER=> Level 1: Dysphagia pureed
Level 2: Dysphagia mechanically altered Level 3: Dysphagia advanced Level 4: Regular diet"
"What is metabolic syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER=> A combination of medical disorders that
increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Common in aging adults, metabolic syndrome is marked by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia.
"In a study looking at long term outcome at 5 years post injury as compared to 2 years post found that a. More people were employed b. Fewer people were employed c. Employment status was unchanged
d. Most people had reached retirement age - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Fewer people were employed"
"What cognitive differences have been found in older adults with TBI compared to age-matched controls
without TBI? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Older adults with TBI had lower scores on measures of attention
and verbal memory, but no differences in relative cognitive decline, over a 2 to 5 year period"
"Treatment for spasticity - CORRECT ANSWER=> Treatment of spasticity should include different
therapeutic interventions. In addition to medications, OTs and PTs address secondary complications of spasticity such as prevention of contractures and skin breakdown and provide interventions addressing positioning."
"Spasticity definition, symptoms, and outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER=> A motor disorder characterized
by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch with exaggerated tendon reflexes resulting from excitability of the stretch reflex - the faster an individual's extremity is moved the stronger the spasm will be; occurs due to UMN damage Symptoms: increased muscle tone, exaggerated tendon reflexes, clonus Outcomes: weakness and loss of dexterity along with impairment in muscle control, which affects functional independence"
"Thrombus vs. embolus - CORRECT ANSWER=> A thrombus is a mass of platelets and/or fibrin that
forms in a blood vessel (I.e. a blood clot). An embolus is often a piece of thrombus that has broken free and then circulates within the bloodstream"
"Degrees of spinal cord injury - CORRECT ANSWER=> Complete injury: no motor or sensory function
below the level of injury Incomplete injury: functioning of sensory and possibly some or much motor sensation below the level of injury"
"Common neurobehavioral complications of brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER=> Aggression
Agitation/irritability/poor frustration tolerance Apathy Denial of deficits/poor self-awareness Disinhibition Eating disturbances Flat affect/restricted emotions/inability to recognize emotions Impulsivity Lability or emotional instability
Poor initiation Poor judgment and reasoning Psychosis (rare)" "Is consequence (or learning) based programming indicated in the early stages of recovery as individuals
emerge from coma? - CORRECT ANSWER=> No - not indicated as learning new information is unlikely.
This phase is generally short in duration when medication and environmental based management are provided."
"What is dual diagnosis? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Dual diagnosis refers to the relationship of a set of
symptoms, which are or resemble symptoms of a known psychiatric disorder. TBI with the addition of subsequent psychiatric disorders would be considered a dual diagnosis."
"General principles of ethical standards in rehabilitation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Respect, beneficence,
autonomy, non-discrimination, loyalty, truthfulness, competence, compliance, confidentiality"
"Abuse, neglect, & exploitation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Abuse = the willful infliction of injury,
unreasonable confinement, intimidation, or punishment with resulting physical harm, pain, or mental anguish. This includes the deprivation by an individual, including a caretaker, of goods or services that are necessary to attain or maintain physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being. Neglect = a failure to provide for the basic needs of a dependent individual Exploitation = the use of a dependent individual's property illegally or without the consent of the individual; includes the expenditure of funds" "This model highlights the progression of an individual in establishing his or her own cultural experiences a. Bio-social b. Racial/cultural identity development c. Socio-political
d. Socio-institutional - CORRECT ANSWER=> b. Racial/cultural identity development"
"Supported employment model - CORRECT ANSWER=> Emphasizes the use of a vocational
rehabilitation professional (employment specialist or job coach) to provide intensive individualized assistance to help the person with TBI with gaining and maintaining employment in a real job for real pay in the community. Job coaching can improve work outcomes for persons with TBI."
"Tools used to measure participation following TBI - CORRECT ANSWER=> Craig Handicap Assessment
and Reporting Technique - Short Form (CHART-SF) Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 Participation Index (M2P2) Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools - Objective (PART-O)"
