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Broadcast and print media in the UK, Lecture notes of Media Management

M. J. P. Rohilkhand UniversityMedia Management

This is a very detailed and summarize study note about "Broadcast and print media in the UK"

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2019/2020

Available from 10/12/2021

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Print and broadcast media in the UK
The media landscape in Britain
- Print media → newspapers & magazines, the press
- Broadcasting Media → television & radio
- Other media → books, DVDs, cinema, internet
Changes
o Mobiles and smartphones are the most popular devices used to access the Internet.
o In 2018 90 per cent of households in Great Britain had Internet access.
o Emails remain the most common internet activity.
o There has been a large increase in online shopping and Online Banking and Netflix
became also more popular.
o Besides people watch less broadcast TV on traditional sets but they stream more on
platforms like Netflix or Amazon or watch Youtube videos.
o In the past the only source to get your daily news was from print media and then later
from television.
In the twentieth century surveys showed that 69 per cent of Britons obtain their daily
news from television, 20% from newspapers and 11% from radio.
o However, this has changed in the last years because the Internet usage has grown.
o Print newspaper sales and advertising income have declined, and free online news site
were attractive.
Some newspaper owners’ have introduced a subscription for their sites. So you have to
pay for example to read the whole article. Nevertheless, there are still many news sites
that are free and that’s why people would rather go on a free internet site than sign up to
a subscription.
Problems?
- The role of advertising and sponsorship?
- The quality of services
- The alleged danger of the concentrated ownership of media resources
- Media influence on politics
- Legal restraints upon media “freedom of expression”
- Potential abuse of media power and influence
- Manipulation
- Phone hacking
- Should the press be more tightly controlled and by whom?
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Print and broadcast media in the UK

The media landscape in Britain

  • Print media → newspapers & magazines, the press
  • Broadcasting Media → television & radio
  • Other media → books, DVDs, cinema, internet Changes o Mobiles and smartphones are the most popular devices used to access the Internet. o In 2018 90 per cent of households in Great Britain had Internet access. o Emails remain the most common internet activity. o There has been a large increase in online shopping and Online Banking and Netflix became also more popular. o Besides people watch less broadcast TV on traditional sets but they stream more on platforms like Netflix or Amazon or watch Youtube videos. o In the past the only source to get your daily news was from print media and then later from television. In the twentieth century surveys showed that 69 per cent of Britons obtain their daily news from television, 20% from newspapers and 11% from radio. o However, this has changed in the last years because the Internet usage has grown. o Print newspaper sales and advertising income have declined, and free online news site were attractive. Some newspaper owners’ have introduced a subscription for their sites. So you have to pay for example to read the whole article. Nevertheless, there are still many news sites that are free and that’s why people would rather go on a free internet site than sign up to a subscription. Problems?
  • The role of advertising and sponsorship?
  • The quality of services
  • The alleged danger of the concentrated ownership of media resources
  • Media influence on politics
  • Legal restraints upon media “freedom of expression”
  • Potential abuse of media power and influence
  • Manipulation
  • Phone hacking
  • Should the press be more tightly controlled and by whom?

a) Broadcast media – television The broadcasting media are divided into two sectors. The ‘public sector’ is the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) financed by the licence fee (payable by anyone who owns a television set). The ‘independent sector’ consists of privately owned commercial stations or channels, which are funded by advertising revenue and subscriptions. Since 2003, the Office of Communications (Ofcom) has replaced the roles and duties of former regulators in both public and independent sectors and is the single regulator for the broadcast media. But although the BBC is subject to Ofcom regulation → Both sectors cover radio and television.

  1. What British TV shows are popular / have you seen in Germany? Broadchurch, Sherlock etc
  2. How / what funds television broadcasts in the UK? The licence for public, advertising for commercial
  3. What are the five main TV stations in the UK? BBC ONE, BBC TWO, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5 (these 5 have the greatest audience share)
  4. What is S4C? Welsh language programming, part of Channel 4
  5. Search for a UK TV listing, eg. www.tvguide.co.uk – look at the programming for the five main channels for tonight and tomorrow evening. Are the stations similar or different? In what ways? What kinds of programmes do they have and who might the target audience be? BBC ONE, ITV and Channel 5 – mass appeal, family broadcasting Channel 4, BBC TWO – more niche /specialized programming
  1. What is “Operation Yewtree”? Jimmy Savile was a British disc jockey and presenter for the BBC and other television networks. Savile had risen to pop stardom in the 1960s by hosting the hit television show and the popular children's program "Jim'll fix it." He managed to maintain his position and prominence for decades. His great commitment to charitable causes promoted his rise into the establishment, which was crowned in 1990 with a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth. His prominent position seemed to open all doors for him, not only at the BBC, but also to hospitals and reformatories, where, thanks to exclusive access, he could select and assault young victims almost at will. Very few dared to make a report against the star, and once it happened, the victim was not taken seriously. After his death, hundreds of cases came to public attention in which Savile was accused of exploiting his position as a pop idol for sexual abuse, mainly of young girls. When he was still alive, there were already serious accusations against him, but these were always dropped due to the lack of evidence. Today, hundreds of cases of abuse and rape are on record. The BBC, which was only moderately interested in clarification, plunged into the biggest crisis of its existence. Shortly after the initial revelations, it emerged that a leading BBC investigative television program, "Newsnight," had investigated and produced a program last year with very similar findings about Savile. But this was cancelled in December shortly before it was due to air. Instead, the BBC broadcast apologetic portraits of Savile at Christmas time. avile's case opened a Pandora's box. Many celebrities were tried, some serving long prison sentences. They were all transported from the past to the present by a Scotland Yard investigation code-named "Yewtree,".
  2. Can you watch British TV channels in Germany? Not the main ones, not available outside of the UK

b) Broadcast media - radio

  1. What are the most popular radio stations in the UK?
  2. Visit the BBC website - https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds - and listen to Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3 and Radio 4. What kind of content does each station broadcast? Who might the target audience of each station be? BBC Radio 1
    • plays modern and future music for audiences aged 15–29.
    • Daytime shows are entertainment-focused whilst nighttime shows are music-focused. It is “the sound of now”, including pop, rock, urban, dance and electronica.
    • It is estimated that monthly Radio 1 spins 4,000 individual songs. BBC Radio 2
    • aimed at an older audience of 35–55.
    • The format is most varied out of any BBC stations.
    • It plays throughout the day rhythmic AC hits, oldies, and album-oriented rock.
    • At night there’re specialist music genres, including jazz, folk, blues, country, reggae, classic rock and showtunes.
    • Its weekend schedule includes a dose of Radio 3 and a bit of Radio 4. BBC Radio 3
    • is not the second Classic FM though that’ll be your first feeling when you tune to the station, because 85 % of its schedule is classical music.
    • However it is trying to distinct itself from its competitor, that’s why you’ll hear some sort of talks, jazz, opera, choral and world music.
    • These specialist programmes are live from (UK time) 22:00–00:30 weeknights, 15:00– 22:00 Saturday and 17:00–21/22:00 Sunday.

It's a radio soap opera set in the fictional English village of Ambridge. It aims to provide essential drama from the heart of the country. Ambridge is a twenty-first century village, with all the pressures of modern rural life. You'll become involved in the characters' personal and business struggles, their love affairs and all sorts of village activities from saving the local shop to the annual fete. There are plenty of lighter moments too.

  1. Who was John Peel and why does he now enjoy something of a cult status within the music industry? John Peel was a British radio presenter and DJ. He was the longest serving of the original BBC Radio 1 DJs, broadcasting regularly from 1967 until his death in 2004, and was considered one of the most influential experts on popular music. His radio shows, which offered a rare variety from rock to metal to folk to techno, were broadcast in numerous countries. John Peel was known for his integrity. He never followed mass tastes or the market. His concept was "A balance between tunes you know people will like and tunes you think people will like." (A balance between pieces you know people will like and pieces I think people will like). He always succeeded in discovering new talents and genres of music and being the first to play them in English and internationally broadcast programs, making them known and thus triggering new trends, especially in the independent sector. John Peel was famous for his Peel Sessions. Mr. Peel invited groups to the studio for live performances. The bands chosen by Mr. Peel and his staff were often unknown to most listeners; many were on Mr. Peel's show even before they had a recording contract. Mr. Peel's show remained a popular draw for young bands looking for attention.
  2. Why is BBC Radio 6 different to the other BBC stations? It can only be heard via digital reception devices (digital radio, Internet and various forms of digital television). The station plays genres of music such as independent, classic rock, punk, jazz, funk and hip-hop. It is intended to differentiate itself from other BBC music stations, such as Radio 1 and Radio 2, by offering an alternative to the mainstream. The presenters and DJs are considered experts in their respective musical fields. Former musicians, such as Tom Robinson or Marc Riley (The Fall), as well as active musicians, such as Guy Garvey (Elbow) or Huey Morgan (Fun Lovin' Criminals), are used. Since 2010, Tom Ravenscroft, the son of John Peel, has a weekly program on Friday nights.
  1. Can you listen to British radio in Germany? Yes c) Print media – newspapers
  2. What do the terms tabloid, broadsheet and mid-market mean in print media? Apply the labels to your list of papers. Image led: Tabloids Tabloids are image led, 'popular' newspapers and can be subdivided into two groups: 'red tops' and 'middle market' dailies. The 'red tops' are The Sun , Daily Mirror and Daily Star and are so-called because they have red mastheads. The masthead is the large font title at the top of a newspaper front page containing the newspaper's title. The 'red tops' report on politics and international news but tend to include more celebrity gossip and scandal.
  1. What is “page 3”? What was it? Page 3 was a tradition of British tabloids to publish on the third page a picture of a topless woman, who was usually a model. The concept is known for launching the careers of many famous British models, such as Samantha Fox, Linda Lusardi, Jordan, Maria Whittaker and Kathy Lloyd. How did it start? The Sun introduced the concept in 1970 to compete with the rival Daily Mirror, which published pictures of women in bikinis and lingerie. Indeed, the Sun newspaper had previously struggled mightily. In the first issue, Ulla Lindstrom wore an unbuttoned shirt, and for the first year of its existence, models were always clothed. However, on its first anniversary, the tabloid celebrated by publishing a picture of 22-year-old model Stephanie Khan completely naked. Over the years, the shots became increasingly revealing, leading to The Sun being banned in many libraries. Page Three is partly credited with making The Sun one of Britain's most successful newspapers in the mid-1970s. The Daily Mirror and The Star began publishing topless pictures to compete, but the Mirror ended the practice the following decade, calling it demeaning to women. Why was Page Three discontinued? The longer Page Three continued, the more opposition it garnered. When she was the paper's deputy editor, Rebekah Brooks claimed that it lowered The Sun's circulation because it discouraged women from buying the paper. When she became the tabloid's first female editor in 2003, many expected her to do away with the tradition, but she did an about-face and became a strong supporter of the feature. The beginning of the end came in 2012, when writer Lucy-Ann Holmes launched the "No More Page 3" campaign aimed at convincing Sun editors to abolish the practice. The campaign attracted much public attention, so much so that Ms. Lucas wore a "No More Page 3" T-shirt to Parliament in June 2013. Two months later, the Irish edition of The Sun cancelled Page 3. In August 2013, the Irish edition of The Sun discontinued its topless page 3 and featured only clothed glamour models, citing differences in British and Irish culture. In January 2015, after 44 years, the UK edition of The Sun also began to feature only clothed models or celebrities, although it continued to feature topless models on Page3.com until March 2017. The Daily Star changed its policy in April 2019 to feature only clothed models, although they are still scantily clad and referred to as Page 3 Girls.As of the end of 2019, The Sun still features topless models.

As of late 2019, there are still topless models featured in the Sunday Sport, Midweek Sport, and Weekend Sport editions, although these publications feature softcore pornography throughout the publication (except on the sports pages), rather than just on the third page. The feature caused heated debate throughout its history, as critics feared it was demeaning to women and easily accessible to children. There were unsuccessful attempts to create legislation to abolish the feature, most notably by Labour MP Clare Short.

  1. Which English city has a campaign not to buy The Sun newspaper and why? (The “why” part is very important). Do you agree with the campaign? Liverpool, because of Hillsborough The Hillsborough Disaster was a serious spectator disaster that left 96 people dead and 766 injured at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield on April 15, 1989. It occurred during the FA Cup semifinal match between Liverpool FC and Nottingham Forest and is still considered one of the greatest disasters in the history of soccer, along with the mass panic in Peru in 1964 and the mass panic in Ghana in

The cause of the disaster was long disputed. It was not until 27 years later that the jury of a commission of inquiry declared that the 96 Sheffield victims had been "unlawfully killed." The tragedy was triggered by serious mistakes by the police and not - as claimed for years by the authorities - by the bystanders' misconduct. Even the government under then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher helped to keep facts and internal reports from becoming public. But the relatives of the 96 victims did not let up and fought for justice until the case was reopened. In 2012, the commission came to the conclusion that the fans were not to blame. All the lies with which the Sun headlined - they were finally identified as lies. An apology from the newspaper promptly followed, but Liverpool is a proud city. Under the headline "The truth," the Sun, the UK's largest-circulation newspaper, printed a report four days after the Hillsborough disaster in which it announced that fans had obstructed the police. In an attempt to outdo itself in sensationalism, it claimed that fans had obstructed rescue work, used violence against police and paramedics, and stolen from victims lying defenseless on the ground. Some drunkards even urinated on victims, and rescue workers were prevented by force from rescuing injured people. As it later turned out, the article was nothing but a bunch of disgusting lies. It was not until 2011 that the Hillsborough disaster files were made available to an independent commission of inquiry, following a petition with 139,000 signatures demanding just that. The commission concluded that it was not the fans but the law enforcement officers who were to blame for the disaster. Too many people had been allowed into the stands. At the same time, the side stands were only half full. The Sun's claims have no basis: negligence and sloppiness on the part of the police caused the disaster. In order to cover up the blame for the events, more than a hundred witness statements were falsified by the police.

  1. What is IPSO? Replacement for PCC The Press Complaints Commission (PCC) was a voluntary regulatory body for British printed newspapers and magazines, consisting of representatives of the major publishers. The PCC closed on Monday 8 September 2014, and was replaced by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), chaired by Sir Alan Moses. The PCC received extensive criticism for its lack of action in the News of the World phone hacking affair, including from MPs and Prime Minister David Cameron, who called for it to be replaced with a new system in July 2011. The Leveson Inquiry was set up and reported in November 2012 but there since has been deadlock over its proposals for self-regulation despite the establishment of a Royal Charter on self-regulation of the press.
  2. Do you think the current regulations controlling the UK print media are enough? Why/why not? ANSWER FROM BEARD Oakland describes the print media in Britain as “free, outpsoken and often controversial”. In the UK there are no laws which relate directly to what the newspapers can or cannot print. There are some laws mentioned in Oakland (The Human Rights Act, Official Secrets Act) that can be used to control the newspapers, but this was not the original purpose of those laws. The 2005 phone hacking scandal showed that newspapers were quite prepared to break the law in order to get a “good story”. Even the government’s own enquiry (Leveson) said there should be new laws to control the print media. Until now, the recommendations made in the Leveson Inquiry have not been implemented. The current regulatory body (IPSO) is organised

by the papers themselves and self-regulation has obvious weaknesses. If organisations are willing to break the law, then this should automatically exclude them from any type of regulatory duty/privilege. There should be new specific laws which regulate the print media in a much stricter fashion. At the very least, the government should implement the recommendations of their own official inquiry.

  1. Can you access the UK papers from Germany? What is a paywall and which papers have it? Yes. Paying for access for certain content eg The Times, The Telegraph
  2. How do they compare to German newspapers? Are The Sun and the Bild really the same? The Sun is a daily British tabloid newspaper. Like BILD in Germany, it is one of the country's most influential newspapers with the highest circulation. As is usual for a tabloid, the articles usually consist of pithy headlines characterized by puns, striking photos and photo montages, and luridly worded texts, for which The Sun has sometimes been heavily criticized. "The Sun is the equivalent of the German Bild-Zeitung," says communications scholar Christine Lohmeier of the University of Munich. "There is little emphasis on political correctness at The Sun." Indeed, The Sun polarizes with scandal stories, photos of scantily clad women and creative wordplay in its headlines. British tabloid The Sun remains the most widely read newspaper brand in the U.K. across all channels (print, mobile, tablet and desktop). At the same time, it is also the least trusted. The Guardian and its Sunday sister paper The Observer, on the other hand, are the most trusted by their readers. That's according to the latest data from the Published Audience Measurement Company (Pamco), now published by the British industry service Press Gazette. According to the data, The Sun and its Sunday edition The Sun on Sunday have a combined reach ("Total Brand Reach") of 31.3 million readers, 71 percent of them via the mobile channel alone. The print edition, by contrast, has a share of only 29 percent. Bild (or Bild-Zeitung, literally Picture; [bɪlt]) is a German tabloid newspaper published by Axel Springer SE. The paper is published from Monday to Saturday; on Sundays, its sister paper Bild am Sonntag ("Bild on Sunday") is published instead, which has a different style and its own editors. Bild is tabloid in style but broadsheet in size. It is the best-selling European newspaper and has the sixteenth-largest circulation worldwide. Bild has been described as "notorious for its mix of gossip, inflammatory language, and sensationalism" and as having a huge influence on German politicians.Its nearest English-language stylistic and journalistic equivalent is often considered to be the British national newspaper The Sun, the second- highest-selling European tabloid newspaper, with which it shares a degree of rivalry.