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SUBJECT: SCIENCE 111
- State a brief history or discovery that brought about the invention or discovery of the things stated below. State their contributions in our scientific development.
A. Gravity- Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician
and physicist who lived from 1642-1727. Newton discovered Gravity when he saw a falling apple while thinking about the forces of nature. Whatever really happened, Newton realized that some force must be acting on falling objects like apples because otherwise they would not start moving from rest. Newton also realized that the moon would fly off away from Earth in a straight line tangent to its orbit if some force was not causing it to fall toward the Earth. The moon is only a projectile circling around the Earth under the attraction of Gravity. Newton called this force "gravity" and determined that gravitational forces exist between all objects.
B. Telescope- History of telescope started in 1608 with the
group of Dutch spectacle-makers who all created first working models of telescope at the same time. The creation of first one was given to Hans Lippershey, German-born lens grinder and
spectacle maker who first managed to gain a patent on a telescope device. Discovery of Hans Lippershey was popularized across Europe not via its own design of telescope, but with the improved design that was created by Galileo Galilei just 2 years later. The history of modern telescope happened in mid-18th century with the discovery of first achromatic lens that enabled creation of telescopes that were not plagued by the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration. Reflecting mirrors also evolved after first models of Isaac Newton, especially after the introduction of f silver coated glass mirrors in 1850s and aluminized mirrors in early 1930s. In 20th century, telescopes of all shapes and sizes started being made, with many of them being focused not on gathering visible light, but on collecting other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. As for optical telescopes, the maximum size of reflecting telescope mirror remained at around 1m diameter, so telescope manufacturers started making segmented mirrors that grew to the size of 10m of diameter. In 1609, Galileo, His telescope allowed him to see with a magnification of eight or nine times, making it possible to see that the Moon had mountains and that Jupiter had satellites.
C. Processed Food- In 1809 when Nicolas Appert
invented the technique of hermetic bottling. This was used to preserve food for French troops and contributed to future
dietary fiber, 48% of calcium, 43% of potassium, 34% of vitamin D, 64% of iron, 65% of folate, and 46% of vitamin B-12. Of the constituents to limit, processed foods contributed 57% of energy, 52% of saturated fat, 75% of added sugars, and 57% of sodium.
D. Microscope- The microscope was invented at the end
of the 16th century. The 17th century saw the microscope put to its first serious use; a number of natural philosophers set about exploring the microscopic world. Henry Power's poem captures the optimism about its potential. After the 1665 publication of Robert Hooke's book Micrographia, and the work of natural philosophers on the continent, the only problem that seemed to stand in the way of the further use of the microscope was the fear that it had shown all that it was possible to see of the microscopic world. In the 1740s a number of books were published that seemed to give the microscope new direction. Before this there was a perceived decline in the use of the instrument. 'Perceived', both then and now, because the relatively high production and use of the microscope did not match the relatively low number of important discoveries. Two optical problems stood in the way of further development: spherical and chromatic aberration. Again, the 19th century saw technical developments that are well represented at the Whipple Museum. Earlier design alterations had made
microscope manipulation easier, but now optical improvements that increased the magnification and resolving power of microscopes led to many discoveries. Moreover, the problems of spherical and chromatic aberration were solved before 1830. With the specialisation of science into different disciplines, the microscope found a number of different homes. Biology, palaeontology (the stody of fossils), medicine, geology, and host of other subjects all included the use of the microscope, though usually through the work of only a handful of 'microscopists'. By using Microscopes scientists, researchers and students were able to discover the existence of microorganisms, study the structure of cells and see the smallest parts of plants, animals and fungi.
E. Radio- The radio came from a series of discoveries and
inventions in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The first contributor, the one responsible for opening the door to all radio, is Heinrich Hertz. The German physicist studied radio waves and proved signals could be transmitted wirelessly. You might recall that radio wave frequencies are still measured in Hertz today. The first inventor of the radio, however, is a well-debated topic. Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor and businessman, made
scientist who first discovered benzene ring in the year 1825. He had christened it as “bicarburet of hydrogen.” However, Eilhard Mitscherlich was the scientist who named it benzene in 1833. He had distilled this compound from gum benzoin. Benzene gained widespread importance in the paint industry as it could easily remove paint stains from the surfaces of metals. Because benzene is an important chemical, several efforts were made to elucidate the chemical structure of benzene. At the point of time, scientists knew that benzene contained six atoms of carbon and hydrogen in its chemical structure (C6H6). This baffled chemists because carbon is known to be tetravalent. This means that every carbon atom is capable of chemical bonds with four other atoms. The tetravalency of carbon was proved by Friedrich August Kekule, one of the most reputed scientists of that era. In contrast, the carbon atoms were bonded with only two atoms in the benzene ring. Thus, it did not obey Kekule’s rule. The scientific understanding of benzene was of crucial importance. Isolated as a liquid from compressed coal gas by Michael Faraday in 1825, it was used to make the first synthetic dye, mauveine, from aniline (aminobenzene) in
G. Large Hadron Collider- In in 1976
when the European particle physics community began to
discuss building a Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider at CERN. LEP was, eventually built and installed in a 27 km tunnel, which today houses the LHC. At that time, CERN had two Directors General—Leon van Hove, the Scientific Director, and John Adams, the Technical Director. John thought LEP was the wrong choice for CERN’s next major project, but in 1977 conceded that he had lost the argument and wrote a note proposing that the LEP tunnel should be made large enough to accommodate a ring of superconducting magnets to enable the acceleration of protons to at least 3 TeV [1]. This suggestion was widely known by the time of the LEP Summer Study in September 1978.
H. Guns-Europeans started receiving gunpowder along the
Silk Road trade route from China during the 13th Century. They first used this in cannons, then developed early types of firearms which use a wick to ignite the powder through a hole in the barrel. This process often took two people to fire the weapon. These firearms were inaccurate, had a very slow load time, and were heavy. Inventors were constantly refining early guns to solve these problems. In the 1400s, the first mechanical device for firing a gun was developed, the matchlock. This device holds the powder in a flash pan which is ignited by an s- shaped arm that holds a match. When the trigger is pulled, the
been likely without guns.
I. Internet- The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for
government researchers to share information. Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to make use of information stored in any one computer, one had to either travel to the site of the computer or have magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional postal system. In 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet. Prior to this, the various computer networks did not have a standard way to communicate with each other. A new communications protocol was established called Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of computers on different networks to "talk" to each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the Internet. All networks could now be connected by a universal language. They state that the Internet use can improve learners’ academic performance, promote research skills and critical thinking, encourage independent or collaborative learning, enhance motivation, strengthen self-confidence and improve the teaching methods.
J. Cellphones- In 1917 Eric Tigerstedt actually applied for a
patent on “pocket sized telephone,” however, the first
cellphone wasn’t actually produced until 1973. Motorola produced the first mobile phone, that wasn’t exactly mobile. These first cellphones only allowed phone calls and were not equipped to do anything else. The original Motorola DynaTac supposedly took 10 hours to charge for a mere 30 minutes of talking time. The phone cost around 4,000 dollars, an extremely luxurious item. During the 80’s this model began to be commercially produced and in the next few years they improved the model with minor adjustments. It wasn’t until the 90’s that developers started to release a 2nd generation of mobile phones. In 1992 the IBM Simon was released, this phone is considered the first ever smartphone. The phone acted more as a planner with the added ability to make phone calls. You could create task lists and store contacts, but that was all that Simon could handle. This hand held device retailed at around $900 and sold close to 50,000 units. Simon essentially paved the way for many smartphones to come. Cellular technology has had other wide-ranging effects on society. It has played a key role in the information age, allowing people to telecommute and live and work where they want. Over 90% of current users say it makes them more efficient workers. Cell phones also provide a sense of safety for users.
- Determine the possible alternatives to growth and development. List down several ways to promote sustainable
