Blood pharmacology notes, Study notes of Pharmacology

Download Blood pharmacology notes and more Study notes Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!

IRON

IRON ABSORPTION

Paracology

BLOOD

.

&

·

Haematinics

&

Erythropoietin]

Is

substances

required

in

form

ofBlood

and used

for

treatment

of

anaemias.

·

Total

iron

content

in

male

adult-

.

5-5g

distributed

in-a) Hb

Non

stores

as

forritin

a

naemo siderin

as

myoglobin

es

parenchymal

iron

.

·

Iron

stored in

forritin

form

·

storage

sites are

reticuloendothelial

(PC)

cells

.

↑

DAILY REQUIREMENTS

·

Adult male

0

.

5-lig

Adult

Female 1-2mg

Pregnancy

• 3-

dug

Infant

Gong leg

children-20ng/kg

·

daily

diet contain

site

10-zong

all over intestine

any

of

iron

but

majorly

upper

portion

Preparation and

dose

·

Mucosal Block

The but has

a mechanism

To

prevent entry of

encess iron

in

body

.

·

FERRITIN CURTAIN :

now

reaching

inside

nucesal cell

is either

transpor

• uted To

plasma

or ouidised

to

ferric

form

E

complexe

with

apoferritin

To

form ferritin

• d

b

ferritin

generally

remain stored in mucosal

cells

and lost

wheythey

are shed

(lifespan

2 t

days)

cred fern'tin

curtain.

· Free iron is toxic

1. ORAL

IRON"

·

preferred

routt

of

administration-ORAL

&

Dissoluble

feurous

salt are

preferred

once

faric

salt

?

Why

↓

they

are

ineupensive

,

have

high

iron

content ,

better

absorbed

at

euglier

dose

sit-

Irritation

and

constipation

.

G

fervous

suplate

2

ferrous

aluconate

ferrous fumarate

Adverse effects of oral iron

Parenteral iron

Adverse effects

·

Epigastric

pain ,

Heartburn

,

nausea

,

vomiting

,

bloating

,

colic

,

metallic

taste,

staining

of

Teeth

.

·

Tolerance can

be

improved

by

providing

low

dose

.

constipation

more common

then

diarshoae

↓

due to

astringent

action

of

iron.

or

dur

to alteration

of

intestinal

nurses

as well

·

iron

therapy

by

injection

indicated

only

when

a)

brat

iron is

notTolerated-bowet

upset

too

much.

b)

failure

To absor

oval

iron.

as

Now

compliance

to

oral

iron

a)

in

presence

to

deficiency

with anaemia .

es

Along

with

eryth

poietin

calculation

of

iron

requirement

4

.

4 x

Body

not

(eg)

x

Ub

deficiet

(g(dl)

ionised

sants

of

iron

used

orally

cannot

be injected

because

they

have

strong

protein

precipitation

raction

and

free

iron

in

Plasma

is

eighty

Toxic

local

pain

at

site

of

Im

injection

,

pigmentation

of

skin

,

sterile abscess

·

systemic-feven

,

readache

,

joint

pains

,

flushing

,

palpitation

,

Chest

pain ,

dysproa

Maturation factors

Folic acid

D

e

f

Deficiency

vitBiz

&

folic

and

Deficiency-

leads

To

megaloblastic

anaemia

↓

but

of

large

red

cell

processors

in

Bow

narrow

·

witBiz

!

cyanocobalamine

&

hydroxy

cobalamic

↓

complex

cobact

t

in

diet

referred

To as

wit

Bir

· water

soluble

wit

Inermostable

red

crystals

·

raily

requirement-

1-31g-pregnancy

3

• 5

my

• lactation .

·

Deficiency

!-

as

megaloblastic

avaemic

b)

Clothisis

a

Neurological

Treatment !-

advise To add 1-

ug

of

over

for

acid

and

iron

preparation

b1C

reinstitution

of

brisk

heropoiesis

may

be

unmasked

as

Megaloblastic

anaemia

.

Epithelial

damage

.

as

Neural

Tube

defects

of

weight

loss

,

sterility

,

General

debility

.

Uses

a)

megaloblastic

anaemia

.

b)

Prophylaxi's

as

methotraxate

Toxicity

a)

citovorum

factor

rescue

.

es

to

enhance

anticancer

efficacy

of

fenouracil

(5-tu)

Anemia

hyponie

are

rapidly

synthesized by

kidney

cells

and

induces

Epo

.

(Crythopoietin)

300

rectator

is

JAK-STAT

binding

receptor

.

Utilisation

Deficiency

Uses

bind lat and

get

bound to

phospholipid

surface

.

absorbed

from

infestive via

lymph

I

require

bile

sacts

for

absorption

fat

soluble

·

Active

transport process

in

Jejaneum

for

K ,

while

K2 &

K

absorbed for

simple

diffusion

.

·

metabolites

encreted

in bile

urine

.

·

occurs

due to

live disease

,

obstructive Famdice

, malabsorption

and

long

term

antimicrobial

Therapy

.

·

important manifestation

is

Bleding

due

to

low

levels

of

prothrombin

and other

clotting

factor

·

only

use

is

in

prophylanis

and

treatment

of

&

Bleeding

due

to

deficiency of

clothing

factor

1 .

Prolonged

antimicrobial

therapy

obstructive

jaundice or

malabsorption syndrome

.

Dietary

deficiency

.

↑ Live disease

.

Newbars

have low

lovers

of

prothrombina

other

cloting

factors

.

6

.

overdose

of

ocal

anticoagulants

.

Local haemostatics

Anticoagulants

Istyptics)

·

After

injury

to

arterioles

and

other

small

blood

vessels

↓

Normal Whemostasis occus

by

contraction

of

vessels

,

adlesion

,

aggregation

E

formation

of

Blood

crot

·

control

of Bleeding

aided

by

Local

Haemostasis

·

these

drugs

are

used

to

reduce

coagulability

of

Blood

oral

Parenteral

anticoagulants

anticoagulants

.

Direct

mairect

turomber

turaubui

inhibitor

inhibitor

· Bivalindin.

uit

K

Direct

oral

1 .

Heparin

·

Argatroban

.

Antagonists

factor

direct

2. LMW

reparin

·

Dicunard

Xa

furombin

candoxaparib

, Revibarin)

·

warfarin

soc

inhibitor

inhibitor

Nadropariu

Danapavoid

·

Acenocoumarol

·

Rivaroxaten

·

Dabiga

·

Apixaban

then

exilg

ate

· at

righ

rouch

of

reparin

both

prolongs

apT

E

PT

.

· some lines

cause ·

affects

the common

pathway

Reduction

at

M

At 111

lovel of

clothing

as

well.

·

reparin

enhances the

action

of

antithrombin

I

in

2

ways

!

·

providing

scaffold

· induces

confirmational

for

the

clothing factor

change

in

AT 111

and

(Xa

,

(a) emposes

its

interactive

sie

.

inhibition

of

factor

Xa

inhibition

of

factor

11a

Anti

platelet

action

higher

dose

of

lpari

inhibits

platelets

aggregation

and

Prolongs

Breeding

time.

3 .

Lipaemia

clearing

-ing

of

repair

clears turbid

of

post

Pradical

Lipaemia

to

by releasing

lipoprotein

cipase

from

ls

o

↓

which

hydrolase

triglycerids

of chylomicions

↓

Now

pass

into tissue and

looks

clear

and

how couch

of

reparin

per for

anticoagulant

activity

Pharmacokinetics

·

Heparin

not absorbed

orally

by

it

largeand

ligy

a

·

in

injections

acts instanteonously

.

·

sc

injections

• acts

after

60

mine

·

Biovailability

• inconsistence

.

·

does

not cross

BBB placenter

.

(Aiwagulam

af

chic

a

·

metabolised

in liver ,

sucleted in unive

·

heparin

released

from

most

cells

degraded

by

macrophage

• Not

physiological

circulating

anti

coagulant

·

+Y

is

longer

in cirrhosis

and

kidey

failure

.

·

th

is

shorter in

patient

with

pulmonary

embolism

·

naematoma

are

more coumon with

im

injection of

reparin

.

NOTE

UFU

is

injected

every

8- hours

before surgery

=

and continued

for

7-

days

or

till

patient

Start

moving

.

d

·

found

to

prevent

postoperative

Deep

neir

Aurombosis

wo

surgical

bleeding

·

also

does

not

p

appl

time

or

clotting

trie.

contraindicatedas

Neurosurgery

.

in

b)

spiral

andthesia

as

Patients

should not be

receiving

aspirin

or

anticoagulants

oral

Advantages of lmw

Fondaparinux

·

Tuansaytopenia

is

less

frequent

·

low invidence

of

Haemorhagic

complications , major

bleeding may

be less

frequent

absorption

heter

·

Better subcutaneous

bioavailability

·

longer

and

more consistence

monoempotential

ty

apps/ clothing

time are

not

procaged

·

pisk

of

Osteoporosis

• is much

less with

Lnw

Heparin

&

VFH

is still

preffered

anticoagulants

than nw

hepsin

bla

new

is

less

effective

in

preventing

Catheder zambass

·

INDICATIONS Of

Law

Heparin

:

a)

proplybuis

of

dep

win thrombosis

(DVT)

and

pulmonary

embocim

(PC)

b) Treatment

of

established

but.

&

of

mustable

angua

andM

a)

maintains

parency

of

cannular and

shunts

in

dialysis

patients

.

↑

·

low molecular not

reparin

MOA

same

as LMW

.

Biovailability

through

so

·

like to

cause less

thrombocytopenia

·

Danapavoid

Heparin antagonist

Direct thromnbin inhibitor

Bivalirudin

Argatroban

protamine

surphate

• Given in

forthe

treatment

q an

a

MOAs

directly

kindsTo

thrombin and

inactivates

it

whe

the

need

to

brid with ATIII

and

active

it

·

contain

larger

polypeptide

anticoagulant

-s

Hindin

MOA

kinds

directly

To

Catalyst

as well as

substrate

recognition

site

of

thrombin

and

inhibits

it

directly

·

cleared

beth

by

proteolysis

as well as

Reval

encretion

·

ty

is 25 min

·

specific

and

reversible DTI

with

quick

ouset

and

~ short

acting

duration

faciou

· no

risk

of

MIT

·

it brids

onlyTo

the

catalytic

site

not

the

substrate

recognition

site and act

as DIT

adminstred

via

ilv

·

Rapid

ouset

,

shoet duration

Action

·

prolongs appt

J

·

cleared

by

lif

· van be

given

To

·

An

is 45 min Ronal disease

patient

Raecemic warfarin sodium

Dicumarol

Acenocunomoral

Adverse effects

Treatment

Tough

synthesis

is of

clothing

factor

ad

within 2-u

noun

of

administration

and

anticoagulant effects

develops

gradually

over next

2-

days

as

botting

factors

levels

Gradually

absent

therapeutic

effects

occurs when lever reduced

by

So-

·

most

popular

coumarin

anticoagulants

· exist in

2

forms

R and S. S is

more

potent

·

marfarin

is

rapidly

and

completely

absorbed

from

Intestine

· It

messes

placenta

I secreted

in misk.

scowly

and

unpredictable

absorbed

orally

Poor

an

tolerance

metabolism is

dose

dependent

·

t

is a hours

· active metabolites is

produced

.

·

it

Rapidly

acts

.

·

Bleeding

as

a result

of

intension

of

desired

phamma

rological

action

,

exchymosis

,

epistaxis

rematuria , git

, internal

naemorrhage

·

mithheld the

anticoagulants

line

fresh

Blood

transfusion , supplies ready

made

antibody

Dose regulation

Factors enhancing effect of

anticoagulants

Factors decreasing effects

and

replenish

last

Blood.

·

Given

ritu

,

a

specific anticoagulant

·

wary

arm and accuamml

are well

Tolerated

antivagulant

it

I

antagonist

dose must be

individualised

by

measuring

prothrombin

Time

ani

in to

achieve

turapeutic

effecta

①

Hyperthyroidism

② Newborns

• low

level

ofwit

12

and

clotting

factors

③ liver

disease

,

crovic

alcoholism

.

malnutrition

,

malabsorption

,

prolonged

antibiotic

therapy

.

1

Pregnancy

Nephrotic

syndrome

Genetic

warfarin

Resistance

CONTRAINDICATIONS

nuum

Warfarim

should

not be Given

in

early

pregnancy

birth

defects

and

Increases Genetic

abnormalities

produces

foetal

cause

Cars

defect

,

warfarin

synd n

enaeumchage