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BIOSTATISTICS - A random variable is “a variable whose observed values may be considered as outcomes of an experiment and whose values cannet be anticipated with certainty before the experiment is conducted." - An independent variable is defined as the “intervention or what is being manipulated” in a study (eg, the drug or dose of the drug being evaluated).the no. of independent variables determines the category of statistical metheds that are appropriate to use. - A dependent variable is the “outcome of interest within a study.” For eg, in a study determining the half-life, clearance, and plasma protein binding of a new drug following an eral dose, the independent variable is the oral dose of the new drug. The dependent variables are the halt-life, clearance, and plasma protein binding of the drug because these variables “depend upon” the eral dose given. ~ Discrete variables are also knewn as counting or non-parametric variables. Continuous variables are also known as measuring or parametric variables. TYPES OF DATA (NON-PARAMETRIC VERSUS PARAMETRIC): - There are 2 types of non-parametric data, nominal and ordinal. For nominal data, numbers are purely arbitrary or without regard to any order or ranking of severity. ~ Nominal data may be either dichotomous or categorical. Dichotomous (aka binary) nominal data evaluate yes/no questions. For eg, patients lived or died, were hospitalized, or were not hospitalized, ~ Examples of categorical nominal data would be things like tablet color or blood type; there is no order or inherent value for nominal, categorical data. - Ordinal data are also non-parametric and categorical, but unlike nominal data, ordinal data are scored en a continuum, without a consistent level of magnitude of difference between ranks. Examples of erdinal data include a pain scale, New York Heart Asseciatien heart failure classification, cancer staging bruise staging, military rank, or Likert-like scales (poor/fair/good/very good/excellent). - Parametric data are utilized in biopharmaceutics and pharmacckinetic research more so than are the aforementioned types of non-parametric data. Parametric data are alse known as continuous or measuring data or variables. There is an order and consistent level of magnitude of difference b/w data units. There are 2 types of parametric data: interval and ratio. ~ Both interval and ratio scale parametric data have a predetermined order to their numbering and a 
