Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Biology for Engineers: Electrical Medical Devices - Syllabus, Lecture notes of Biology

Chandigarh UniversityBiology

This syllabus outlines the course 'biology for engineers' focusing on electrical medical devices. It covers topics like electrical stimulus and biophysical activity, biomedical recording systems, and tissue engineering. The syllabus provides a detailed overview of the course content, including specific chapters and learning outcomes. It also highlights the importance of understanding biological concepts from an engineering perspective and applying this knowledge to various fields.

Typology: Lecture notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 10/20/2024

anshul_sharma_01_
anshul_sharma_01_ 🇮🇳

1 document

1 / 21

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES
Academic Unit V
Bachelor of Engineering
(Computer Science & Engineering)
Biology For Engineers
23SZT148
Electrical Medical Devices
Electroretinogram (ERG)
Electro-occologram (EOG)
Electromyogram (EMG)
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15

Partial preview of the text

Download Biology for Engineers: Electrical Medical Devices - Syllabus and more Lecture notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

DISCOVER. LEARN. EMPOWER

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES

Academic Unit V

Bachelor of Engineering

(Computer Science & Engineering)

Biology For Engineers

23SZT

Electrical Medical Devices

 Electroretinogram (ERG)

 Electro-occologram (EOG)

 Electromyogram (EMG)

Course Outcome CO Number Title Level CO Identify the biological concepts from an engineering perspective. Remember CO Development of artificial systems mimicking human action. Understand CO Explain the basic of genetics that helps to identify and formulate problems Understand CO Apply knowledge of measurement system, biomedical recording system and biosensors to excel in areas such as entrepreneurship, medicine, government, and education. Understand CO Integrate biological principles for developing next generation technologies Will be covered in this lecture https://images.app.goo.gl/5obqqxo93P2UBmdU

4

  • (^) Biomedical instrumentation and engineering is the application of knowledge and technologies to solve problems related to living biological systems.
  • (^) It involves diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in human.
  • (^) When the discipline of engineering and medicine interacts, it is called Biomedical Engineering.
  • (^) As the medical field is emerging, the Biomedical Instrumentation

5

  • (^) A medical device is any device intended to be used for medical purposes.
  • (^) Medical devices benefit patients by helping health care providers diagnose and treat patients and helping patients overcome sickness or disease, improving their quality of life.
  • (^) Biomedical Instrumentation helps physicians to diagnose the problem and provide treatment.
  • (^) It involves measurement of biological signals like ECG, EMG, or any electrical Medical Devices

7  Electroretinogram (ERG)

  • (^) An electroretinography (ERG) test, also known as an electroretinogram , measures the electrical response of the light-sensitive cells in your eyes.
  • (^) These cells are known as rods and cones.
    • (^) They form part of the back of the eye known as the retina.
    • (^) There are around 120 million rods in the human eye and six to seven million cones.
  • (^) Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors, inner retinal cells, and the ganglion cells.
  • (^) Abnormal ERG readings can detect certain abnormalities of these cell layers.
  • (^) During the test, a medical professional places an electrode on the cornea (at the front of the eye) or on the skin beneath the eye to measure the electrical responses to light of these cells.

8

  • (^) ERG is the corneal measure of an action potential produced by the retina when it is stimulated by light of adequate intensity.
  • (^) ERG is usually well tolerated, painless, and medical professionals can perform ERG even in cooperative children and infants. Occasionally, sedation may be necessary.
  • (^) The patient assumes a comfortable position either lying down or sitting up.
  • (^) An eye doctor dilates the patient's eyes with standard dilating eyedrops.
  • (^) Anesthetic drops are also given. The doctor then props the eyelids open with a speculum and gently places a contact lens electrode or an electrode resembling a fine thread on each eye.
  • (^) The physician places an additional electrode on the forehead skin.
  • (^) During an ERG recording session, the patient looks into a bowl displaying different amounts of light.
  • (^) Retinal cells emit small electrical signals when stimulated by certain types of light. ERG Procedure

10

  • (^) There are retinal diseases in which specific cells are

missing or weak at birth, while other abnormalities are

acquired over time.

  • (^) Your doctor may perform an ERG to determine if you

have an inherited or acquired disorder of the retina, such

as:

  • (^) Retinitis pigmentosa, which is a genetic disease causing

loss of peripheral and night vision

  • (^) Macular degeneration, which is a loss of vision due to

the death of cells in the macula

  • Retinoblastoma, which is a cancer of the retina
  • (^) Retinal separation, which is a detachment of the retina

from the back of the eyeball

  • (^) Cone rod dystrophy (CRD), which is vision loss due to

impaired cone and rod cells

  • (^) An ERG may also help your doctor assess your need for

Why to do an Electroretinography test?

11

  • (^) Determining the functional status of the retina with different types of ERG testing allows clinicians and researchers to evaluate patients for retina-related conditions, reliably monitor retinal function over time, and evaluate the efficacy of retinal treatments.
  • (^) Electroretinography has an impressive range of human and animal applications, for both clinical and research uses.
    • (^) Evaluation of visual function in infants and children.
    • (^) To determine presence or absence of retinal function.
    • (^) To evaluate progression of retinal degeneration.
    • (^) To confirm diagnosis of a particular disease (dystrophies).
    • (^) For early detection of toxic retinopathies.
    • (^) Assisting in diagnosing the retinal conditions in which

Applications of

Electroretinography

13

  • (^) The electrooculogram (EOG) is an electrophysiologic test that

measures the existing resting electrical potential between the

cornea and Bruch's membrane.

  • (^) The difference of electrical potential of the anterior and posterior

part of the eyeball is called the standing potential.

  • (^) Standing potential indirectly measures the transepithelial

potential (TEP) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).

  • (^) TEP is the difference of membrane potential of basolateral and

apical membranes of RPE.

  • (^) The mean transepithelial voltage of bovine Retinal pigment

epithelium is 6 millivolts (mV).

  • (^) The EOG is used to assess the function of the pigment epithelium.
    • (^) During dark adaptation, resting potential decreases slightly and

reaches a minimum (“dark trough”) after several minutes.

  • (^) When light is switched on, a substantial increase of the resting

potential occurs (“light peak”), which drops off after a few

minutes when the retina adapts to the light.

  • (^) The ratio of the voltages (i.e. light peak divided by dark trough)

is known as the Arden ratio.

Principle of EOG

14

  • (^) The patient should be in stable indoor lighting for at least 30 min before the test.
  • (^) Strong retinal illumination including retinal imaging (fluorescein angiogram, fundus photography and others) and indirect ophthalmoscopy should be avoided during this period.
  • (^) The patient should be dilated.
  • (^) The patient is told to remain still other than moving his/her eyes back and forth.
  • (^) Four recording skin electrodes (silver-silver chloride or gold-disk) are placed at the medial and lateral canthi of both eyes, and the grounding electrode is placed on the forehead (The ground electrode/reference electrode is usually positioned over bony body structures).
    • (^) For instance when an EEG is taken from the

Testing process of EOG

16 Electromyogram (EMG)

  • (^) Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health condition of muscles and the nerve cells that control them.
  • (^) These nerve cells are known as motor neurons. They transmit electrical signals that cause muscles to contract and relax.
  • (^) An EMG translates these signals into graphs or numbers, helping doctors to make a diagnosis.
  • (^) Muscle contraction due to a change in the relative sliding of thread-like molecules or filaments: Actin and Myosin
  • (^) Filament sliding is triggered by electrical phenomenon called ACTION POTENTIAL (AP)
  • (^) The recording of muscle APs is called electromyography (EMG),
  • (^) The record is known as an electromyogram.
  • (^) EMG results can reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with nerve-to-muscle signal transmission.

17

PROCEDURE OF EMG

  • (^) An EMG uses tiny devices called electrodes to translate these signals into graphs, sounds or numerical values that are then interpreted by a specialist.
  • (^) There are two components to an EMG test: the nerve conduction study and needle EMG.
    • (^) The nerve conduction study is the first part of the procedure.
      • (^) It involves placing several small sensors called surface electrodes on the skin (usually in the area where you’re experiencing symptoms) to assess the ability of the motor neurons to send electrical signals.
      • (^) Subject is GROUNDED by placing an electrode in an inactive region of body
      • (^) Typical range of EMG can be 0.1-0.5 mV.
    • (^) The second part of the EMG procedure, known as needle EMG , also uses sensors to evaluate electrical signals.
      • (^) The sensors are called needle electrodes (they are made up of stainless steal), and they’re directly inserted into muscle tissue to evaluate muscle activity when at rest and when contracted. Surface Electrodes Needle Electrodes

19

WHY EMG DONE

  • Your doctor may perform an EMG if you’re experiencing symptoms that may indicate a muscle or nerve disorder. Some symptoms include:
    • (^) Tingling
    • (^) Numbness
    • (^) Muscle weakness
    • (^) Muscle pain or cramping
    • (^) Paralysis
    • (^) Involuntary muscle twitching (or tics)
  • (^) EMG results can help the doctor diagnose muscle disorders, nerve disorders, and disorders affecting the connection between nerves and muscles.
  • (^) Possible causes could include:
    • (^) Muscle disorders, such as muscular dystrophy
    • (^) Disorders that affect the ability of the motor neuron to send electrical signals to the muscle, such as myasthenia gravis

20 REFERENCES

  • (^) John G Webster, “Medical Instrumentation – Application and Design”, 4th^ ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2007.
  • (^) Leslie Cromwell, Fred. J. Weibell, Erich. A. Pfeiffer, “Biomedical Instrumentation & Measurements, 2nd^ ed., Pearson Education., 2001.
  • (^) Ryaby J.T. (2005) Biophysical Stimulation Using Electrical, Electromagnetic, and Ultrasonic Fields. In: Lieberman J.R., Friedlaender G.E. (eds) Bone Regeneration and Repair. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-863-3:
  • (^) C.B.Powar, 2010.Cell Biology.5th^ Ed,Himalyan Publishing House.
  • (^) Leshie Cromwell, Fred.J. Weibell and Erich.A.Pfeiffer. 2003. Biomedical instrumentation and measurements. 2nd^ edition, PHI.
  • (^) John G. Webster 1998. Medical Instrumentation: Applications and Design, 3rd^ edition, Jon Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • (^) Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer. 2006. “Biochemistry,” 6th Ed. W.H. Freeman and Co. Ltd.
  • (^) Robert Weaver. 2012 “Molecular Biology,” 5th Edition, MCGraw-Hill.
  • (^) Jon Cooper, , 2 004. “Biosensors A Practical Approach” Bellwether Books.
  • (^) Martin Alexander, 1994 “Biodegradation and Bioremediation,” Academic Press.