Download Biology & Chemistry: Energy, Cells, Transport, Infection, Bioenergetics, Inheritance, & En and more Schemes and Mind Maps Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Biology AQA Specification
4.1 Cell biology
4.1.1. Cell Structure
4.1.1.1 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes Key 4.1.1.2 Animal and plant cells Triple Science Only 4.1.1.3 Cell specialisation HL only 4.1.1.4 Cell differentiation 4.1.1.5 Microscopy 4.1.1.6 Culturing microorganisms (biology only)
4.1.2 Cell division
4.1.2.1 Chromosomes 4.1.2.2 Mitosis and the cell cycle 4.1.2.3 Stem cells
4.1.3 Transport in cells
4.1.3.1 Diffusion 4.1.3.2 Osmosis 4.1.3.3 Active transport
4.2 Organisation
4.2.1 Principles of organisation
4.2.2 Animal tissues, organs and organ systems
4.2.2.1 The human digestive system 4.2.2.2 The heart and blood vessels 4.2.2.3 Blood 4.2.2.4 Coronary heart disease: a non- communicable disease 4.2.2.5 Health issues 4.2.2.6 The effect of lifestyle on some non- communicable diseases 4.2.2.7 Cancer 4.2.3 Plant tissues, organs and systems 4.2.3.1 Plant tissues 4.2.3.2 Plant organ system
4.3 Infection and response
4.3.1 Communicable diseases
4.3.1.1 Communicable (infectious) diseases 4.3.1.2 Viral diseases 4.3.1.3 Bacterial diseases 4.3.1.4 Fungal diseases 4.3.1.5 Protist diseases 4.3.1.6 Human defence systems 4.3.1.7 Vaccination 4.3.1.8 Antibiotics and painkillers 4.3.1.9 Discovery and development of drugs 4.3.2 Monoclonal antibodies (biology only) (HT only)
4.3.2.1 Producing monoclonal antibodies 4.3.2.2 Uses of monoclonal antibodies
4.3.3 Plant disease (biology only)
4.3.3.1 Detection and identi cation of plant diseases 4.3.3.2 Plant defence responses
4.4 Bioenergetics
4.4.1 Photosynthesis 4.4.1.1 Photosynthetic reaction 4.4.1.2 Rate of photosynthesis 4.4.1.3 Uses of glucose from photosynthesis 4.4.2 Respiration 4.4.2.1 Aerobic and anaerobic respiration 4.4.2.2 Response to exercise 4.4.2.3 Metabolism
4.5 Homeostasis and response
4.5.1 Homeostasis
4.5.2 The human nervous system
4.5.2.1 Structure and function 4.5.2.2 The brain (biology only) 4.5.2.3 The eye (biology only) 4.5.2.4 Control of body temperature (biology only)
4.5.3 Hormonal coordination in humans
4.5.3.1 Human endocrine system 4.5.3.2 Control of blood glucose concentration 4.5.3.3 Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in the body (biology only) 4.5.3.4 Hormones in human reproduction 4.5.3.5 Contraception 4.5.3.6 The use of hormones to treat infertility (HT only) 4.5.3.7 Negative feedback (HT only) 4.5.4 Plant hormones (biology only) 4.5.4.1 Control and coordination 4.5.4.2 Use of plant hormones (HT only)
4.6 Inheritance, variation and evolution
4.6.1 Reproduction
4.6.1.1 Sexual and asexual reproduction 4.6.1.2 Meiosis 4.6.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction (biology only) 4.6.1.4 DNA and the genome
4.6 Inheritance, variation and evolution
4.6.1 Reproduction 4.6.1.5 DNA structure (biology only) 4.6.1.6 Genetic inheritance 4.6.1.7 Inherited disorders 4.6.1.8 Sex determination
4.6.2 Variation and evolution
4.6.2.1 Variation 4.6.2.2 Evolution 4.6.2.3 Selective breeding 4.6.2.4 Genetic engineering 4.6.2.5 Cloning (biology only)
4.6.3 The development of understanding of genetics and evolution
4.6.3.1 Theory of evolution (biology only) 4.6.3.2 Speciation (biology only) 4.6.3.3 The understanding of genetics (biology only) 4.6.3.4 Evidence for evolution 4.6.3.5 Fossils 4.6.3.6 Extinction 4.6.3.7 Resistant bacteria 4.6.4 Classi cation of living organisms
4.7 Ecology
4.7.1 Adaptations, interdependence and competition
4.7.1.1 Communities 4.7.1.2 Abiotic factors 4.7.1.3 Biotic factors 4.7.1.4 Adaptations
4.7.2 Organisation of an ecosystem
4.7.2.1 Levels of organisation 4.7.2.2 How materials are cycled 4.7.2.3 Decomposition (biology only) 4.7.2.4 Impact of environmental change (biology only) (HT only)
4.7.3 Biodiversity and the effect of human interaction on ecosystems
4.7.3.1 Biodiversity 4.7.3.2 Waste management 4.7.3.3 Land use 4.7.3.4 Deforestation 4.7.3.5 Global warming 4.7.3.6 Maintaining biodiversity 4.7.4 Trophic levels in an ecosystem (biology only)
4.7.4.1 Trophic levels 4.7.4.2 Pyramids of biomass 4.7.4.3 Transfer of biomass 4.7.5 Food production (biology only) 4.7.5.1 Factors affecting food security 4.7.5.2 Farming techniques 4.7.5.3 Sustainable sheries 4.7.5.4 Role of biotechnology
4.5 Energy changes (^) 4.5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions 4.5.1.2 Reaction pro les 4.5.1.3 The energy change of reactions (HT only)
4.5.2 Chemical cells and fuel cells (chemistry only)
4.5.2.1 Cells and batteries 4.5.2.2 Fuel cells
4.6 The rate and extent of chemical change
4.6.1 Rate of reaction
4.6.1.1 Calculating rates of reactions 4.6.1.2 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions 4.6.1.3 Collision theory and activation energy 4.6.1.4 Catalysts
4.6.2 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
4.6.2.1 Reversible reactions 4.6.2.2 Energy changes and reversible reactions 4.6.2.3 Equilibrium 4.6.2.4 The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium (HT only) 4.6.2.5 The effect of changing concentration (HT only) 4.6.2.6 The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium (HT only) 4.6.2.7 The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium (HT only)
4.7 Organic chemistry
4.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock
4.7.1.1 Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes 4.7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals 4.7.1.3 Properties of hydrocarbons 4.7.1.4 Cracking and alkenes 4.7.2 Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (chemistry only)
4.7.2.1 Structure and formulae of alkenes 4.7.2.2 Reactions of alkenes 4.7.2.3 Alcohols 4.7.2.4 Carboxylic acids
4.7.3 Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers (chemistry only)
4.7.3.1 Addition polymerisation 4.7.3.2 Condensation polymerisation (HT only) 4.7.3.3 Amino acids (HT only) 4.7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers
4.8 Chemical analysis
4.8.1 Purity, formulations and chromatography
4.8.1.1 Pure substances 4.8.1.2 Formulations 4.8.1.3 Chromatography 4.8.2 Identification of common gases 4.8.2.1 Test for hydrogen 4.8.2.2 Test for oxygen 4.8.2.3 Test for carbon dioxide 4.8.2.4 Test for chlorine
4.8.3 Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means (chemistry only)
4.8.3.1 Flame tests 4.8.3.2 Metal hydroxides 4.8.3.3 Carbonates 4.8.3.4 Halides 4.8.3.5 Sulfates 4.8.3.6 Instrumental methods 4.8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy
4.9 Chemistry of the atmosphere
4.9.1 The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere
4.9.1.1 The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere 4.9.1.2 The Earth's early atmosphere 4.9.1.3 How oxygen increased 4.9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased 4.9.2 Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases
4.9.2.1 Greenhouse gases 4.9.2.2 Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere 4.9.2.3 Global climate change 4.9.2.4 The carbon footprint and its reduction
4.9.3 Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources
4.9.3.1 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels 4.9.3.2 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants
4.10 Using resources
4.10.1 Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water
4.10.1.1 Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development 4.10.1.2 Potable water 4.10.1.3 Waste water treatment 4.10.1.4 Alternative methods of extracting metals (HT only) 4.10.2 Life cycle assessment and recycling 4.10.2.1 Life cycle assessment 4.10.2.2 Ways of reducing the use of resources
4.10.3 Using materials (chemistry only)
4.10.3.1 Corrosion and its prevention 4.10.3.2 Alloys as useful materials 4.10.3.3 Ceramics, polymers and composites 4.10.4 The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers (chemistry only)
4.10.4.1 The Haber process 4.10.4.2 Production and uses of NPK fertilisers
Physics AQA Specification
Topic Subtopic Decription
4.1 Energy
4.1.1 Energy changes in a system, and the ways energy is stored before and after such changes
4.1.1.1 Energy stores and systems Key
4.1.1.2 Changes in energy
Triple Science Only 4.1.1.3 Energy changes in systems HL only 4.1.1.4 Power
4.1.2 Conservation and dissipation of energy
4.1.2.1 Energy transfers in a system 4.1.2.2 Efficiency 4.1.3 National and global energy resources
4.2 Electricity
4.2.1 Current, potential difference and resistance
4.2.1.1 Standard circuit diagram symbols 4.2.1.2 Electrical charge and current 4.2.1.3 Current, resistance and potential difference 4.2.1.4 Resistors 4.2.2 Series and parallel circuits
4.2.3 Domestic uses and safety
4.2.3.1 Direct and alternating potential difference 4.2.3.2 Mains electricity
4.2.4 Energy transfers
4.2.4.1 Power 4.2.4.2 Energy transfers in everyday appliances 4.2.4.3 The National Grid
4.2.5 Static electricity (physics only)
4.2.5.1 Static charge 4.2.5.2 Electric LEDS
4.3 Particle model of matter
4.3.1 Changes of state and the particle model
4.3.1.1 Density of materials 4.3.1.2 Changes of state
4.3.2 Internal energy and energy transfers
4.3.2.1 Internal energy 4.3.2.2 Temperature changes in a system and speci c heat capacity 4.3.2.3 Changes of heat and speci c latent heat
4.3.3 Particle model and pressure
4.3.3.1 Particle motion in gases 4.3.3.2 Pressure in gases (physics only) 4.3.3.3 Increasing the pressure of a gas (physics only) (HT only)
4.4 Atomic structure
4.4.1 Atoms and isotopes
4.4.1.1 The structure of an atom 4.4.1.2 Mass number, atomic number and isotopes 4.4.1.3 The development of the model of the atom (common content with chemistry)
4.4.2 Atoms and nuclear radiation
4.4.2.1 Radioactive decay and nuclear radiation 4.4.2.2 Nuclear equations 4.4.2.3 Half-lives and the random nature of radioactive decay 4.4.2.4 Radioactive contamination 4.4.3 Hazards and uses of radioactive emissions and of background radiation (physics only)
4.4.3.1 Background radiation 4.4.3.2 Different half-lives of radioactive isotopes 4.4.3.3 Uses of nuclear radiation 4.4.4 Nuclear ssion and fusion (physics only)
4.4.4.1 Nuclear fission 4.4.4.2 Nuclear fusion
4.5 Forces
4.5.1 Forces and their interactions
4.5.1.1 Scalar and vector quantities 4.5.1.2 Contact and non-contact forces 4.5.1.3 Gravity 4.5.1.4 Resultant forces 4.5.2 Work done and energy transfer 4.5.3 Forces and elasticity 4.5.4 Moments, levers and gears (physics only) 4.5.5 Pressure and pressure differences in uids (physics only)
4.5.5.1 Pressure in a fluid 4.5.5.2 Atmospheric pressure
4.5.6 Forces and motion
4.5.6.1 Describing motion along a line 4.5.6.2 Forces, accelerations and Newton’s Laws of motion 4.5.6.3 Forces and braking
4.5.7 Momentum (HT only)
4.5.7.1 Momentum is a property of moving objects 4.5.7.2 Conservation of momentum 4.5.7.3 Changes in momentum (physics only)
4.6 Waves
4.6.1 Waves in air, uids and solids
4.6.1.1 Transverse and longitudinal waves 4.6.1.2 Properties of waves 4.6.1.3 Re ection of waves (physics only) 4.6.1.4 Sound waves (physics only) (HT only) 4.6.1.5 Waves for detection and exploration (physics only) (HT only)
4.6.2 Electromagnetic waves
4.6.2.1 Types of electromagnetic waves 4.6.2.2 Properties of electromagnetic waves 1 4.6.2.3 Properties of electromagnetic waves 2
