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Biology 210 Lecture Final Exam Guide
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Anatomy - studies structure. Physiology - functions of the body. Homeostasis - stable internal of the body. Metabolism - the sum of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cell. Stimulus - a thing or an event that evokes a specific function or reaction in an organ or tissue. Levels or organization from simplest to most complex Explain each level - chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level. Atoms combine to form molecules, cells are made up of molecules, tissues consist of similar types of cells, organs are made of different types of tissues, organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely, the human organism is made up of many organ systems. Define negative feedback - the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. Define positive feedback - the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. Define visceral membrane - covering the organs. Define parietal membrane - lining of the cavity walls. Name the fluid found in the visceral and parietal membrane - serous membrane. Define atom - the basic unit of a chemical element. Define element - a unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. Structure of an atom - protons, neutrons, electrons.
Define protons and location - positive charge, in the center. Define neutrons and location - neutral charge, in the center. Define electrons and location - negative charge, outside. Define atomic number - number of protons. Define atomic mass - number of protons and neutrons. Define ionic bonding - is a chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other. Define covalent bonding - sharing of electrons between two atoms. Define cations - the atom that loses electrons, making it a positive charge. Define anions - the atom that gains electrons, making it a negative charge. Define inorganic molecule - are generally simple, and not found in living things. Define organic molecule - are composed of carbon, and found in living things. Most important inorganic molecule - water. Define acid, and pH - have a sour taste, can react with many metals, have a pH of less than 7. Define base, and pH - have a bitter taste, feel slippery, and are proton acceptors, have a pH higher than 7. Define salt, and pH - is an ionic compound containing cations, has a neutral pH. Describe the change in pH if hydrogens ions are added to a solution - lowers the pH. Describe the change in pH if hydrogen ions are removed from a solution - raises the pH. Define buffer - a solution that resists changes in pH, when a acid or alkali is added to it. Name the high energy molecule that cells utilize - ATP Describe how energy is released from ATP - when the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken. Define enzyme - a substance produced by a living organism, bringing out a reaction.
Name the only type of ICF - cytosol. Define parent cell - the cell divided into two daughter cells during mitosis. Define lacuna - a small space, cavity, or depression,lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells. Where is there higher concentration of Na+ - outside the cell. Define myoglobin - oxygen binding pigment in muscle. Define motor end plate - forms part of the neuromuscular junction, specific portion of the sarcolemma that contains receptors for acetylcholine and ligand-gated ion channels. Define neuromuscular junction - region where the motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell. Define motor unit - a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates. Define synaptic cleft - fluid filled space at a synapse. Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump - pumps sodium out of the cell so it can get back to resting point. Three types of muscle tissue - smooth, skeletal, cardiac Define outer ear, and structures located in it - the outer part of the ear that is visible along the side of the head. pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane. Define middle ear, and structures located in it - an air filled central cavity of the ear, behind the ear drum. auditory ossicles, auditory tube. Define inner ear, and structures located in it - the semicircular canals and cochlea, which form the organs of balance and hearing and are embedded in the temporal bone. cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canal. Define desmosomes - cell junction composed of thickened plasma membranes jointed by filaments. Which muscles are voluntary - skeletal. Which muscles are involuntary - cardiac, smooth.
Which muscles are striated - cardiac, skeletal. Which muscles are non striated - smooth. The location of cardiac muscle - in the heart. The location of skeletal muscle - attach bone to bone. The location of smooth muscle - in the walls of hollow organs except the heart. Define nuclear pore - is a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Describe smooth muscle tissue - non-striated, involuntary, and found in the wall of hollow organs except the heart. The role of DNA in protein synthesis - only inside the cell-carrier of genetic information. The role of mRNA in protein synthesis - single stranded messenger that carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of a three base code of words. The role of tRNA in protein synthesis - is the key to dieiphering the code words from mRNA The role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - associated with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. Define extracellular fluid - denotes all body fluid outside the cell. Define intracellular fluid - water inside the cell. Define outer fibrous structures located in it - sclera, cornea, optic nerve. The structures located in the middle vascular - choroid, anterior cavity, pupil, iris, lens, posterior cavity. Define inner neural structures located in it - optic disc, fovea centralis, retina. Function of the skeletal system - support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation — that enable us to survive. Define monosynaptic reflex - one synapse, that synapses with a motor neuron in the CNS.
Define cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm. Define sagittal plane - divides the body into right and left parts. Define transverse plane - divides the body in to anterior and posterior (top and bottom). Define frontal plane - divides the body into superior and inferior parts (front and back). Define cholinergic receptors - nerve fibers that upon stimulation release acethlcholine. Define adrenergic receptors - nerve fibers that release norepinephrine. Define lens - focuses image on the retina, transparent, refracts the image. Define pupil - opening in the middle of the iris, looks back because the inside of the eye is black. Define transcription - transferring genetic code from DNA to mRNA. Define translation - information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides, Define medulla oblongata - cardiovascular center- regulates heart rate, blood pressure. respiratory center- controls breathing, coughing, vomiting. swallowing. Define cerebrum - thinking and reason. Define cerebellum - coordinates skeletal muscle movement. Define limbic system - gives us our emotions. Define reticular activating system - controls awakeness. Define somatic nervous system - provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscle. Define autonomic nervous system - innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands. Define fovea centralis - area of most distinct vision, contain high concentration of photoreceptors (see clearly). Define optic disc - where retina connects to the optic nerve, no photoreceptors, also called the blind spot (can't see). Define cunjunctiva - mucous membrane that cover anterior eyeball, keeps the eyeball moist, mucous traps foreign particles.
Define active transport - membrane transport processes for which ATP is directly or indirectly required, solute pumping and endocytosis. Define passive transport - membrane transport processes that move substances down the concentration gradients, they are driven by kinetic energy and do not require cellular energy. How is cerebrospinal fluid formed - is produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles by a combined process of diffusion, pinocytosis and active transfer. How is cerebrospinal fluid reabsorbed back into the bloodstream - choroid plexus. Parasympathic preganglionic fibers arise from - craniosacral. Sympathic preganglionic fibers arise from - thoracolumbar. Define gap junction - passageway between two adjacent cells. Location of dense regular - tendons and ligaments Define tissue - a group of similar cells and their intercelluar substances to perform a specific function. List the two divisions of the PNS - somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system. Location of dense irregular - dermis of skin. Location of adipose - under the skin in subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys, eyeballs, within abdomen and breast. Location of hyaline cartilage - forms most of the embryonic skeleton and costal cartilage of the ribs. Location of aerolar - deep to all the epithelia tissue, found in the hypodermis. Location of osseous - bone. Identify the branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates the sweat glands and arterioles - sympathic division. Identify the type of ion channels that open (at threshold) to produce the upstroke of the action potential - sodium-ion channels.
Define refraction - bending of the image. Define mitosis - cell division. Define tight junction - where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly bound together. What happens when substance moves down its concentration gradient - moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. What happen when a substance moves up its concentration gradient - moves from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Define isotonic solution - the amount of solutes in the cells equal the amount of solutes in the solution. Define hypertonic solution - the amount of solutes in the cell is less than the amount of solutes in the solution. Define hypotonic solution - the amount of solutes in the cell is more than the amount of solutes in the solution. Define lysosome - contain digestive enzymes. Define smooth endoplasmic reticulum - synthesizes and transports lipids. Define ribosome - functions in protein synthesis. List in order the stages of the cell cycle - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinses. Define DNA replication - the process by which existing DNA is used as a template for the synthesis or new DNA strands in the cell nucleus. Define exocrine glands - secretes product into the blood. Define endocrine glands - secretes product onto a surface. Define tendon - connects muscle to bone. Define ligament - connects bone to bone. Name the two layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis. Define sebaceous glands - epidermal glands that produce and oily secretion called sebum.
Define sudoriferious glands - produces sweat. Define red bone marrow - fills the spaces between the trabecular, produces blood cells. Define yellow bone marrow - fills the meduallary cavity of a long bone, fat cells. Explain why blood calcium ion level must be maintained - too little calcium in the blood stream is dangerous, too much calcium in the blood stream isn't as dangerous. The role of osteoclast in blood calcium homeostatis - increase the blood calcium ion level when it is too low. The role of osteoblast in blood calcium homestatis - decrease the blood calcium ion level when it is too high. Define osteoblast - immature cells that functions in the build-up of bony matrix. Define osteoclast - immature cells that functions in the break-down of bony matrix. Define osteocyte - bone cell. Define fibrous joints - immovable joints. Define cartilaginous joints - slightly movable joints. Define synovial joints - freely movable joints. Define synarthrotic joints - immovable joints. Define amphiarthrotic joints - slightly movable joints. Define diarthrotic joints - freely movable joints. Example of ball and socket - coxal joint, shoulder joint. Example of pivot - at the neck. Example of hinge - elbow and knee. Example gliding - at the wrist. Name the only neurotransmitter that functions in skeletal muscle contraction - acetylcholine. Define sarcomere - the structure made up of myofibril.
Define repolarization, relate to action potiential - membrane potential is returning to resting point, down-stroke. Define hyperpolarization, relate to action potential - membrance potential become more negative than resting, under-shoot. Define nicotinic - respond to nicotine, the effect is always stimulatory. Define muscarinic - the effect can be inhibitory or stimulatory. Define dynamic equilibrium - the sense of balance. Define static equilibrium - sense that one's brain knows what position the head is in.
