Biodiesel from mango seed oil, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Mechanical Engineering

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BIODIESEL FROM MANGO

SEED OIL

 (^) Why this feedstock?  (^) Increase in demand of fossil fuel – urgent need for alternative energy source.  (^) 2051?  (^) Biodiesel can replace petroleum based fuel, which has a great negative impact on the environment.  (^) Manigiferaindica- is the only mango tree commonly cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions and its fruit is distributed essentially world-wide.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF BIODIESEL EXTRACTION FROM MANGO

SEED

 The biodiesel has started to gain prominence and relevance in the late

19th century.

 There were numerous reasons for which people opted to switch to

biodiesel over conventional fuel.

 During the world war-2,the petroleum supplies were interrupted and the

countries looked for alternatives. This resulted in extraction of vegetable

and animal oil to produce biodiesel.

 The biodiesel was employed in agricultural machinery in the remote

areas of world where the supply of petroleum is difficult.

 (^) Mangos belong to the genus Mangifera of the family Anacardiaceae.  (^) The genus Mangifera contains several species that bear edible fruit. Most of the fruit trees that are commonly known as mangos belong to the species Mangifera indica.  (^) The other edible Mangifera species generally have lower quality fruit and are commonly referred to as wild mangos

SOXHLET EXTRACTOR ANIMATION

WORKING O SOXHLET EXTRACTOR

 (^) A Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: a percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be extracted, and a siphon mechanism, which periodically empties the thimble.  (^) The solvent is heated to reflux. The solvent vapor travels up a distillation arm, and floods into the chamber housing the thimble of solid. The condenser ensures that any solvent vapor cools, and drips back down into the chamber housing the solid material. The chamber containing the solid material slowly fills with warm solvent. Some of the desired compound dissolves in the warm solvent. When the Soxhlet chamber is almost full, the chamber is emptied by the siphon. The solvent is returned to the distillation flask. The thimble ensures that the rapid motion of the solvent does not transport any solid material to the still pot. This cycle may be allowed to repeat many times, over hours or days. During each cycle, a portion of the non-volatile compound dissolves in the solvent. After many cycles the desired compound is concentrated in the distillation flask. The advantage of this system is that instead of many portions of warm solvent being passed through the sample, just one batch of solvent is recycled.  (^) After extraction the solvent is removed, typically by means of a rotary evaporator, yielding the extracted compound. The non-soluble portion of the extracted solid remains in the thimble, and is usually discarded.

PROCESS 2 USING HYDRAULIC PRESSURE:

 (^) Fat is extracted from dried mango kernels by hydraulic pressure, or by solvent extraction. In solvent extraction, hexane, a liquid hydrocarbon, is used as the extraction medium. The collected mango stones are washed with well-water soon after collection. After washing, the seeds are sun dried to reduce the moisture content to 12-15%. The dried seed stone is roasted in a drum roaster and the hull is removed mechanically, or manually by beating with wooden clubs. The separated kernels are crushed into small pieces in a hammer mill. The mango kernel pieces are conveyed to a pellet making machine and pellets are formed. The pellets are cooled to room temperature in a cooler and are conveyed to the solvent extraction plant. Some processors produce flakes by crushing the seeds in a flaking roller mill.

PROPERTIES OF MANGO SEED OIL

COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES

ECONOMICAL VIABILITY OF BIODIESEL(MANGO SEED)

 The challenges faced by the mango seed oil are :

 the high cost and limited availability of biodiesel feedstock beside the

cheaper prices of crude petroleum.

 There are various factors contributing to the cost of biodiesel:

 feedstock prices, plant’s capacity, feedstock quality, processing

technology, net energy balance nature of purification and its storage, etc

 However, the two main factors are the costs of feedstocks and the cost of

processing into biodiesel.

 It has been found that the cost of feedstocks accounts for 75% of the

total cost of biodiesel fuel.

 The continuous transesterification process is one choice to lower the

production cost.

 (^) a review of many economic feasibility studies around the world shows that mango seed biodiesel usually costs over US$0.5 per liter compared to US $0.35 per liter for normal diesel.  (^) Currently biodiesel cost is 1.5–3 times higher than the fossil diesel cost in developed countries.  (^) Biodiesel is thus currently not economically feasible, and more research and technological development are needed.  (^) Thus supporting policies such as tax credits are important to promote bio- diesel research and make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy

BIOFUEL IN NUMBERS

 (^) Of many available no-or low-carbon methods harvest energy, including wind thermal, geothermal, hydroelectric and solar approaches, conversion of plant biomass to liquid fuels is the most cost-effective strategy, currently contributing 78% of total renewable energy worldwide. While some are concerned that an increased dependence on energy crops will be at odds with use of land for production of food and feed , the next 25 years could see biofuel’s rise to the challenge. The problem :  (^) Fossil fuels currently supply more than 80%of energy consumed globally and contribute to the raise of climate change-associated greenhouse gases, such as CO2, Nitrous oxide, and methane.

US and the world  (^) In 2011, US consumers itself used 49 billion liters of corn derived ethanol, compared to roughly 522 billion liters of gasoline used the year before Brazil  (^) The government of Brazil hopes to build on the success of the l ethanol program by expanding the production of biodiesel which must contain 2% biodiesel by 2008, and 5% by 2013. The bio fuel situation in the world right now: