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BIOD 331/ BIOD331 FINAL EXAM: (NEW
2025/ 2026 UPDATE)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT
(VERIFIED SOLUTIONS)- PORTAGE
LEARNING
Taking your child to the paediatrician for their annual well check-up and keeping up with the recommended vaccination schedule would be an example of: - ANSWER- Primary prevention You are seeing a patient in your clinic who recently suffered a TIA. Recent diagnostic tests revealed that he has atrial fibrillation. You decide to put him on a blood thinner to prevent a future neurologic event. This would
be an example of: - ANSWER- Tertiary prevention James is being seen for his first colonoscopy. He turned 50 this year, and his father recently passed away from colon cancer at age 85. This would be an example of: - ANSWER- Secondary prevention True/False: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances – ANSWER-False Fill in the blank: ________ propel chyme along the small intestine toward the large intestine in one direction. – ANSWER- Peristaltic movements Fill in the blank: ___________ occlude small portions of the intestinal lumen to push digestive contents forward and backward – ANSWER-Segmentation Waves
considered a normal or abnormal value? – ANSWER-Normal Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. – ANSWER-It is involved in cellular respiration They play a role in apoptosis Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? – ANSWER-It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes Which of the following is an active form of Vitamin D? - ANSWER25- hydroxycholecalciferol Which of the following is an inactive form of Vitamin D? – ANSWER-Cholecalciferol Which of the following is synthesized in the kidney and regulates the differentiation of red blood cells within bone marrow? – ANSWER- Erythropoietin
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. – ANSWER-Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false. A benign neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth. – ANSWER-False. A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissues and possesses a rapid rate of growth. OR A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth. True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false. A malignant neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate
shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its colour changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut-off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odour is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid. You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They mentioned that they joined a Silver Sneakers program at their local gym because they read that weight-bearing exercise promotes bone density. What word of caution would you give to them as they participate in this program? – ANSWER-While weight-bearing exercises have been shown to increase bone density, they should be done in a safe way, minimizing the risk for falls as they are at increased risk for fracture with a diagnosis of osteoporosis.
You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They mention to you that they are doing safe, weight bearing exercises each day to increase bone density. They are also taking a Calcium supplement. What additional supplement would you recommend they take? Explain why. – ANSWER-They should also take a Vitamin D supplement, as it helps to increase calcium absorption. You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. You have suggested that they start taking Calcium and Vitamin D daily. What else can you recommend to slow the progression of this disease? – ANSWER-You should recommend regular weight-bearing exercises to increase bone density. This should be done in a safe manner minimizing the risk for falls. (The key is safety. Weight-bearing exercises done safely is the best answer, but exercise done in a way that minimizes risk of fractures
needle aspiration or a closed drainage system with or without suction. You are evaluating a patient in the Emergency Department who was brought in by ambulance after being involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. Their respiratory rate is increased; they are experiencing difficulty breathing, and breath sounds in their right lung are diminished. You order a CT scan and determine that they are experiencing a pneumothorax of their right lung. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases reveal that blood oxygenation is outside of normal limits. Describe the treatment required to reverse this condition. – ANSWER-Emergency treatment of a tension pneumothorax requires the immediate insertion of a large- bore needle or chest tube into the affected side, along with one-way valve drainage or continuous chest suction to aid in re-inflating the affected lung. What are two important properties that stem cells possess? – ANSWER--Potency and Self- renewal
True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Humoral immunity is a form of innate immunity – ANSWER-False, humoral immunity is a form of adaptive immunity. True/False: The innate immune response takes time to acquire and is developed over multiple exposures to foreign organisms. – ANSWER- False, the adaptive immune response takes time to acquire and is developed over multiple exposures to foreign organisms. OR The innate immune response is immediate in nature. True or False. If false, explain why it is false. An initial immune response that is generalized (non-specific) and unable to distinguish between various foreign agents is characteristic of adaptive immunity. – ANSWER- False. An initial immune response that is generalized (non-specific) and unable to distinguish between various foreign agents is characteristic of innate immunity. OR
Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Addison's Disease? Select all that apply. – ANSWER-Decreased cortisol levels Hyperpigmentation of the skin Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Cushing's Disease? Select all that apply. – ANSWER-Increased cortisol levels Buffalo hump
- __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumour as well as other distant sites
- The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as ______. - ANSWER1. Chemotherapy
- Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome What type of signalling occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid
that affects its own activity? – ANSWER- Autocrine What type of signalling depends on hormones carried in the bloodstream to act on cells throughout the body? – ANSWER- Endocrine What type of signalling occurs in the nervous system as neurotransmitters act on adjacent nerve cells? – ANSWER-Synaptic Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms – ANSWER- Our skin is comprised of closely packed cells in multiple layers. Keratin is what covers the skin and makes it a salty acidic inhospitable environment to microbes with the use of proteins and lysozymes. Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders – ANSWER-There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non- autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't
of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You have prescribed her Ambien as a sedative, but what are TWO additional behaviour modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? – ANSWER-Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day),creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right
before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. – ANSWER-False You are seeing Jenny, a 25-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is debilitating pain in the MCP joints of both hands. Jenny reports general feelings of fatigue, and you notice nodules over her MCP joints. She states that she experiences stiffness in her hands in the morning that lasts well over an hour. However, as she gets moving, this seems to subside. Would you suspect that Jenny has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. – ANSWER-Jenny more than likely has RA. She is young. She has a bilateral presentation. Her MCP joints are affected, which is most common with RA. She is exhibiting systemic
You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he cannot tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. – ANSWER-Tom more than likely has OA. His age of onset is higher. He has unilateral presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by moving around. His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet. (If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.) Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? – ANSWER- Lymphocytes
Which cell in the blood provides primary homeostasis? – ANSWER- Platelets Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7. mg/dL. They are not complaining of pain, and there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place them? – ANSWER-Asymptomatic hyperuricemia Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7. mg/dL. They are complaining of severe pain in the affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout would you place them? – ANSWER-Acute gout arthritis Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7. mg/dL. They have had multiple gout attacks in the past. They are currently not experiencing joint pain, but you notice visible tophi over their affected joints. What phase of gout would you place them? – ANSWER- Chronic tophaceous gout (phase 4)
