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BIO 320 EXAM 3 NEWEST EXAM | ALL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ |
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The inhibition model of succession proposes that A) early successional species modify the environment so that it becomes more suitable for later successional species. B) the first species to arrive make the site less suitable for later arriving species. C) later successional species are neither inhibited nor aided by species of earlier stages. D) competition does not occur between early successional and late successional species. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B In succession, which type of environmental change occurs when the physical environment changes, such as an increase in temperature or salinity? A) allopatric B) allogenic C) autozygous D) autogenic ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B Communities vary in composition over space but usually not in composition over time ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------FALSE The facilitation model of succession involves strong competitive interactions among colonizing species. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------FALSE
Which of the following statements is true? A) Large patches of habitat usually contain fewer species than small patches. B) Large animals usually have larger home ranges than smaller animals. C) Carnivore home ranges are usually smaller than herbivore home ranges. Kevin Gurney 3/24/2016 12:25 PM Comment [1]: This is an error in the Pearson question bank! None of these are true - some of you caught this. D) Small species are usually limited to small habitat patches --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B According to the theory of island biogeography, the islands with the most species will be A) small and close to the mainland. B) small and far from the mainland. C) large and close to the mainland. D) large and far from the mainland. ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --C Which of the following can be considered a habitat corridor? A) a large lake in a city park B) an abandoned agricultural field in an urban area C) a strip of forest along the banks of a river flowing from a forested mountain through a city D) a patch of forest within a city park ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----C A set of local communities that are linked by the dispersal of multiple, potentially interacting species is referred to as a(n)
The number of species within a community is usually greatest when A) no disturbance occurs. B) a low frequency of disturbance occurs. C) an intermediate frequency of disturbance occurs. D) a high rate of disturbance occurs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---C Succession in a community involves A) only autotrophic species. B) only heterotrophic species. C) both autotrophic and heterotrophic species. D) only detritivorous species. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C Which of the following is an example of an allogenic change that drives succession? A) seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity B) increased shading of seedlings by adult trees in a forest C) increased nitrogen availability in soil due to the presence of leguminous plants D) reduced salinity due to surface shading by grasses in a salt marsh ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A As glaciers in North America melted, formerly glaciated areas were invaded by A) ice. B) tundralike vegetation. C) boreal forest, dominated by spruce and jack pine. D) various species of trees, including spruce, white pine, oaks, and maples. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D
In a rank-abundance curve comparing two communities, the community with the greater species richness is characterized by a A) lesser length of the curve and a more gradual slope. B) lesser length of the curve and a steeper slope. C) greater length of the curve and a more gradual slope. D) greater length of the curve and a steeper slope ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C Which description is true for most communities? A) All species have approximately equal abundances. B) All species are rare. C) All species are common. D) A few species are common and the remainder are rare --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Dominant species tend to be more abundant than other species because they A) prey upon or parasitize other species. B) outcompete other species. C) are preyed upon less than other species. D) reproduce more rapidly than other species. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B Which statement best describes a keystone species? A) a rare or uncommon species that has a strong effect on its community B) an abundant species that may or may not affect other species C) a species that takes up a great deal of space in a community D) a common species that has a strong effect on its community --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A
community C) removing a group of species has a stronger effect than removing a single species from a community D) none of the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C When apparent competition occurs, the A) populations of predator and prey species are smaller. B) predator species population is larger and the prey species populations are smaller C) the predator species population is smaller and the prey species populations are larger D) populations of predator and prey species are larger ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B Food webs are typically arranged into trophic levels with A) primary producers at the bottom, herbivores in the middle, and carnivores at the top B) herbivores at the bottom, carnivores in the middle, and primary producers at the top C) carnivores at the bottom, herbivores in the middle, and primary producers at the top D) primary producers at the bottom, carnivores in the middle, and herbivores at the top ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A When top-down control occurs within an intertidal zone along the rocky coastline of the Pacific Ocean, which of the following species controls the abundance of other species? A) kelp B) mussels C) barnacles D) starfish ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D
Plant community structure along an environmental gradient can often be explained by A) differences among species in their competitive abilities. B) differences among species in their abilities to tolerate stress. C) differences among species in their resistance to herbivores. D) a trade-off among species with respect to competitive ability and stress tolerance ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Environmental heterogeneity tends to be positively correlated with species diversity. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------TRUE A food web is more complicated than a food chain ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------TRUE The characteristics of a community are generally not dependent on the spatial scale at which the community is examined because communities are tightly integrated groups of species ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------FALSE Which of the following groups of species represents a guild? A) species of birds that feed on nectar B) species of plants that use the C3 pathway of photosynthesis C) species of plants that tolerate shade D) species of plants or animals that are iteroparous ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A In a forest community, the layer in which most photosynthesis occurs is the A) canopy
An ecologist samples the abundance of various species along an environmental gradient and fails to find clusters of species. Instead, peaks of abundance of dominant species are merely randomly spaced segments along a continuum. This distribution of species supports the A) unified concept of a community. B) organismic concept of a community. C) individualistic or continuum concept of a community. D) successional concept of a community ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------C In aquatic environments, the three major environmental gradients of water that directly influence the distribution and dynamics of communities include A) temperature, depth, and oxygen content. B) depth, flow rate, and salinity. C) pressure, temperature, and depth. D) flow rate, salinity, and oxygen content ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------B As the degree of environmental heterogeneity of a community increases, the number of plant and animal species tends to A) decrease B) remain the same C) increase D) increase initially and then decrease ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------C As the fertility of soil on the forest floor increases, the
A) growth rate of plants increases B) size of plants decreases C) density of plants decreases D) number of species of plants increases ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------A In a food web, community complexity may be measured by the average number of feeding links per species, also referred to as A) trophic diversity B) food web diversity C) linkage density D) interconnectedness ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C Which of the following is true about the Shannon Index metric of diversity? a) it reflects both species richness and evenness b) it provides a metric of across ecosystem diversity c) it is used for systems which are not dominated by a top predator d) it is used when there is a keystone species ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------A ) keystone species have an impact on a community a) in proportion to their numbers b) only when they are a top predator c) when they form the base of the food chain d) none of the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Top predators a) are always carnivores b) have no predator c) have a single predator
development of the community to the ultimate stage. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------TRUE In the early stages of plant succession, shade-intolerant species are often common. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------TRUE Within a landscape mosaic, patches A) are composed of relatively heterogeneous communities. B) typically lack a distinct boundary. C) tend to be similar in size. D) tend to vary in shape. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D An inherent edge of a patch A) is relatively stable. B) is usually temporary. C) is often subject to successional changes over time. D) results from natural disturbances or human-related activities. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A When a forest gradually merges into a grassland over a wide area, the border between the two landscape patches is referred to as a(n) A) narrow border. B) convoluted border. C) perforated border. D) ecotone. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Plants adapted to edge environments tend to be A) tolerant of shade and prefer moisture. B) tolerant of shade and dry conditions.
C) intolerant of shade and prefer moisture. D) intolerant of shade and tolerant of dry conditions. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Which of the following is the least major agent of disturbance? A) fire B) flooding C) a beaver constructing a dam D) a rainstorm ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D The size and shape of habitat patches are determined more by the activities of animals than by the interaction of geology, topography, and climate --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------FALSE The intensity of a disturbance is measured by the proportion of total biomass or the population of a species that is killed or eliminated by a disturbance. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------TRUE Plants assimilate energy through the process of A) decomposition. B) respiration. C) photosynthesis. D) regeneration. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C An ecologist studying productivity in a sample of grasses measures gross primary productivity as 1000 kcal / m2 / yr and autotrophic respiration as 100 kcal / m2 / yr.
As decomposition proceeds, which molecule is lost to the atmosphere? A) H2O B) CH C) CO D) NH3 ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C In general, litter with a C:N ratio greater than 30 leads to immobilization, litter with a C:N ratio less than 20 leads to mineralization, and litter with a C:N ratio of 20 —30 leads to a balance of immobilization and mineralization resulting in no net N production. If garlic mustard leaf litter collected on the forest floor had 43.2% C and 1.16% N, this tissue would lead to A) immobilization. B) mineralization. C) a balance of immobilization and mineralization. D) sterilization ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C The microbial loop results from A) fungal attack on litter and subsequent consumption by microbivores. B) leaching of litter that stimulates detritivores. C) enhanced decomposition of labile litter materials enhancing food web turnover. D) exudate release in the rhizosphere stimulating decomposition and nutrient release. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D The rate of nutrient cycling in an ecosystem A) depends only on the rate of photosynthesis. B) depends only on the rate of decomposition.
C) does not depend on the rate of photosynthesis or the rate of decomposition. D) depends on both the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of decomposition. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Which of the two basic types of biogeochemical cycles is most likely to have global cycle patterns? A) atmospheric B) aquatic C) gaseous D) sedimentary ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C Carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through the process of A) photosynthesis. B) primary production. C) respiration. D) fixation. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C Carbon dioxide concentrations fluctuate in predictable seasonal patterns on the surface of the planet largely as a result of A) the influence of vegetation patterns in tropical systems. B) weathering of rock surfaces following seasonal rain events. C) vegetation growth and flux patterns in aquatic systems. D) large-scale patterns of terrestrial plant uptake and dormancy. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D The largest active carbon pool is A) the atmosphere. B) the oceans.
D) nitrogen and phosphorus ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C Low-moisture conditions favor allocation by a plant to A) leaves. B) stems. C) roots. D) flowers ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C If herbivores eat 1000 kcal of plant energy, approximately how much energy will be converted into the tissues of herbivores? A) 1 kcal B) 10 kcal C) 100 kcal D) 1000 kcal ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C The rate of net primary productivity can be limited directly by the availability of A) organic nutrients in the soil solution. B) inorganic nutrients in the soil solution. C) organic carbon in the soil solution. D) inorganic carbon in the soil solution ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------B Which of the following breaks down the slowest during decomposition? A) simple sugars B) cellulose C) chitin D) lignin ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D
The rate of decomposition is greatest in A) cold and moist environments. B) cold and dry environments. C) warm and moist environments. D) warm and dry environments. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C The process of conversion of nutrients from an organic form into an inorganic form that plants can use is called A) immobilization. B) respiration. C) transpiration. D) mineralization ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D In which of the following is the process of nutrient cycling sometimes described as nutrient spiraling? A) streams and rivers B) oceans C) lakes D) forests ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A In ________ biogeochemical cycles, the main reservoirs of nutrients are the atmosphere and the oceans. A) sedimentary B) gaseous C) aquatic D) terrestrial ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B Nutrients deposited on leaves as dust and materials leached from leaves through insect
