Download BIO 182 Final Exam: Evolution, Genetics, and Diversity of Life and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 182 FINAL EXAM ASU LATEST
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"Define Evolution and Natural Selection - CORRECT ANSWER=> Evolution is a gradual change in the
inherited traits of a population over many generations. Natural selection is a mechanism where the members of a population best suited to their environment have the best chance of surviving to pass on their genes."
"What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula? How can it be used? - CORRECT ANSWER=> The Hardy-
Weinberg equation is a mathematical equation that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. p^2 +2pq+ q^2 =1" "You should be able to calculate allele and genotype frequencies using the H-W equations. (IMPORTANT)
"Understand, and explain the four general outcomes (patterns) of natural selection - CORRECT
ANSWER=> directional selection: a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored,
causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction disruptive selection: (or diversifying selection) a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values stabilizing selection: a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value"
"What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
Microevolution is the process by which organisms change in small ways over time. Macroevolution refers to larger evolutionary changes that result in new species." "What are prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers? Give examples of each (5 pre and 3 post). -
CORRECT ANSWER=> - What are the 5 Prezygotic barriers?
It looks like there are five major types of prezygotic barriers to reproduction: spatial isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation and behavioral isolation. Postzygotic barriers include the creation of hybrid individuals that do not survive past the embryonic stages ( hybrid inviability ) or the creation of a hybrid that is sterile and unable to produce offspring ( hybrid sterility )."
"What is the Cambrian Explosion? - CORRECT ANSWER=> The Cambrian Period marks an important
point in the history of life on Earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record." "Understand and be able to explain the 4 stages in the "Four stage hypothesis for the origin of life" that
suggests that the first organisms were products of chemical evolution in four stages. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> 1. Abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and
nucleotides
- The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids
- Packaging of these molecules into "protobionts", droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings
- Origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible" "Understand the phylogenetic tree of the three Domains of life. How are they related to each other?
(Where are the branches, what is closer related to what?) - CORRECT ANSWER=> 3 domains: Bacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya. Archaea and Eukarya are closely related"
"What is the difference between akinetes and endospores? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Akinetes are whole
cells filled with food, whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells."
"What are hyphae? And what is the term for a woven network of hyphae? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
Tubular, hard wall of chitin Cross walls form compartments Multinucleate Grow at tips Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecological active bodies of fungi"
"Describe the body of a fungus. - CORRECT ANSWER=> All fungi have sporangia and hyphae, and they
release spores"
"What are plants most common ancestor? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Plants evolved from green algae
about 450 million years ago as the key event in the colonization of land. ...
"What are some major classes of pollinators? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Insects
Bees Butterflies/Moths Flies Birds Bats Water Wind"
"What are the 3 plant tissue systems? What are the functions of each one? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
Dermal tissue system plays a role in covering plants from the outside. He consists of the epidermis Ground tissue system is surrounded by dermal tissue. Ground tissue functions as storage while also providing support and doing playing a metabolic role. Vascular tissue system(xylem and phloem)is surrounded by ground tissue and conducts water and dissolved nutrients." "The apical meristem gives rise to what 3 primary meristems? In turn each of these three primary
meristems give rise to which tissue systems? - CORRECT ANSWER=> •Protoderm: epidermis
-Ground meristem: ground tissues -procambium: primary xylem and primary phloem"
"Know the 2 different body forms of Cnidaria. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Sessile polyp - tubular body with
tentacles surrounding opening (mouth and anus) Motile medusa - umbrella-shaped body with mouth on the underside surrounded by tentacles"
"What does ecdysis mean? - CORRECT ANSWER=> molting"
"For this chapter, you should know each of the types of animals (Hagfish, lampreys, sharks & rays, bonyfish, lobe/lungfish, amphibians, reptiles & mammals) that are the end points of the phylogenetic tree of vertebrates. You should also be able to be able to draw the tree and know the major traits that
divide the clades on the tree. - CORRECT ANSWER=> PARAZOA
Porifera -sponges -lack true tissues -no symmetry -sessile adults -free-swimming larvae RADIATA -first clade with true tissues Cnidaria
-nematocysts -sessile polyp -motile medusa -incomplete gut Ctenophora -comb jellies -complete gut LOPHOTROCHOZOA Platyhelminthes -flatworms -predatory lifestyle -bilateral symmetry -incomplete digestive system -cerebral ganglia=first "brain" Rotifera -complete digestive tract -parthogenesis Bryozoa -small colonial animals Brachiopoda -2 shellsMollusca -soft body with shell -radula -external fertilization Annelida -segmented ECDYSOZOA -molting Nematoda -roundworms -complete digestive tract -internal fertilization -longitudinal muscles (no circular) Arthropoda -most successful phylum -exoskeleton of chitin and protein
"Be able to explain & identify the idea of structure & function. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Structure refers
to something's form, makeup or arrangement. Function refers to something's job, role, task, or responsibility."
"What is homeostasis? What is the fundamental feature of how homeostasis is maintained? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Homeostasis is the body's ability to stay relatively the same even if the world around it
changes.There are conformers (maintain same composition as environment) and regulators (body different than environment)" "What is the difference between an endothermic & ectotherm? Which uses more energy to control body
temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Endotherms are mammals and birds and they use more energy.
Ectotherms are invertebrates and fishes that absorb heat from their surroundings"
"What is the difference between a conformer and regulator? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Conformer - They
depend upon the changes in its external environment. Regulator - They are able to control their internal environment irrespective of their external surroundings to an extent."
“What is extinction? - CORRECT ANSWER=> The loss or death of a species"
"What is mass extinction? - CORRECT ANSWER=> A decline in biodiversity greater than the background
extinction rate"
"What is background extinction? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Background extinction occurs when certain
populations are reduced to zero because of normal environment change, emerging disease, predation pressure, or competition with another species"
"How are mass extinctions detected and how many have been detected? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
They're detected geologically, and there have been 5 detected" "What organisms became extinct during the Pleistocene and Cretaceous and what are possible causes
for these extinctions? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Pleistocene: Wooly Mammoth, Giant Short-Faced Bear,
Dire Wolf, Giant Beaver, Shasta Ground Sloth, American Lion -Could be extinct because of climate change (warmer temps), human overkill (predation), pathogens Cretaceous: Dinosaurs -Could be extinct because of asteroid (impact hypothesis)"
"What is the evidence to support that there will be a 6th mass extinction? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
Modern rates of extinction are 100 to 1000 time greater than the background rate"
"What is overexploitation? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Any unsustainable removal of wildlife from the
natural environment by use of humans -Harvesting of organisms at rates exceeding the species ability to replace itself
-The dominant threat to marine species -Overhunting"
"What is habitat destruction? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Terrestrial Ecosystems: Conversion agriculture,
logging, development and urbanization Aquatic Ecosystems: Draining and developing wetlands, damming rivers Species area curve - As the land area decreases, the number of species decreases"
"What is habitat fragmentation? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -The breakup of large pieces of natural habitat
into small, isolated pieces -Can reduce a habitat to where it's too small to support a species -Reduces the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat to another (could be more vulnerable to catastrophes) -Creates a large amount of "edge" habitat (Edge effects light levels, pollution, poachers, and competition) -The species most impacted by this are those that require large territories to find food"
"How can an exotic species contribute to extinction? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -An introduction of a new
species, that could possibly become an invasive species -An exotic species could carry pathogens"
"What are phenology shifts? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Related to global climate change
-Timing of seasonal events -Concern mismatch between organisms"
"What are geographic range shifts? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Related to global climate change
-Organisms move into climates to which they're adapted -Concern for organisms in arctic and alpine regions (running out of habitat)"
"What are consequences of extinction? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Impacts productivity and stability, and
biological communities -Ecosystem services -Could disrupt mutualisms"
"What is resource use efficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -When species diversity is high, more overall
water is used and more photosynthesis can occur"
"What is facilitation? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Certain species facilitate the growth of another species
by providing them with nutrients, partial shade, etc."
"What is a food chain? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Connects the trophic levels in a particular ecosystem
-Describes how energy moves from one trophic level to another"
"What is genetic restoration? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Creating artificial gene flow in endangered
species"
"What are wildlife corridors? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Encourage gene flow and allow areas to be
recognized"
"What is ex situ conservation? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Preservation of species by zoos, etc.
-The goal is captive breeding and reintroduction (Life history traits, like fecundity, can influence the rate of recovery)"
"What is ecosystem restoration? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Used when ecosystems are already heavily
degraded or lost -Recovery process after disturbance called succession -Past land use strongly affects the rate of recovery"
"What is secondary succession? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -When a disturbance removes some or all of
the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact"
"The use and impact of chemical pesticides - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Reduces competition from pests
-Consequences: Impact non-target organisms, biomagnification (pesticides are not broken down)"
"Environmental impacts of agricultural advancements - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Irrigation causes the
depletion of ground water -Fertilizers cause Nitrogen pollution of lakes, oceans and ground water"
"What are some advances in agriculture? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Breeding superior plants
-Increased use of irrigation -Use of chemical fertilizers -Use of chemical pesticides"
"How is energy transferred through the food pyramid? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Decomposer -> primary
producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer"
"What is a trophic level? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -"Feeding" level, organisms that obtain energy from
the same type of source"
"What is biomagnification? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Some pesticides aren't broken down and become
more concentrated at each trophic level"
"What does NPP mean and how much is being used by humans? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Net Primary
Productivity = total amount of chemical energy supplied by plants -Humans use 24% of Earth's NPP"
"What are some reasons the birth rate has declined in the last 50 years? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -
Women choosing to have less children -Regions with lowest birthrates have the most abundant resources and education of women is encouraged"
"What is demographic transition? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -The transition from high birth and death
rates to lower birth and death rates"
"What are density dependent factors? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Predation, disease, competition
between species (usually biotic)"
"What is carrying capacity? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -The maximum population that can be supported
indefinitely in an environment -Birth rate = death rate -(K)"
"What is exponential growth and when does it occur in nature? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Exponential
growth is positive growth -Observed in 2 circumstances: a few individuals found a new population in a new habitat, or a population has been devastated by a catastrophe and begins to recover, starting with a few surviving individuals"
"What are some density-independent factors? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Change is not dependent on the
of individuals in the population
-Variations in weather patterns, etc. (usually abiotic)"
"What are survivorship curves? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Type 1: Survivorship throughout life is high,
most individuals reach their max. life span (humans) -Type 2: Most individuals experience constant survivorship over their lifetimes -Type 3: Result from high death rates early in life, with high survivorship after maturity (many plants)"
"What is life history? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Record of major events relating to its growth,
development, reproduction, and survival"
"What is survivorship? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Proportion of offspring that will survive on average to a
particular age"
"What is fecundity? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -# of female offspring produced by each female in the
population"
"What is the intrinsic rate of increase? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -When birthrates per individual are as
high as possible and the death per individual are as low as possible"
"What is lake turnover? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Occurs in temperate regions
-The nutrients at the bottom of the lake is carried to the top -Promotes growth of algae"
"What is ocean upwelling? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Move nutrients from aphotic to photic zone
-Promotes algae growth -Areas of high biological productivity and diversity"
"What is water depth? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -The amount and types of wavelengths available to
organisms change dramatically as the water depth increases -As the water gets deeper, the light intensity decreases" "What physical factors effect the distribution and abundance of organisms in aquatic biomes? -
CORRECT ANSWER=> -Water depth
-Nutrient availability -Water movement -Temperature"
"What are the types of aquatic biomes and how are they classified? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -They are
classified by salinity -Fresh water ( less than 0.1% salt), marine (salt water)"
"How have humans impacted terrestrial biomes? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -By physically changing the
landscape -Farming, logging, & urban development -Indirect effects: pollution, invasive species, climate change"
"Describe the arctic tundra - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Dominated by small shrubs
-Very low temps -Very low annual rainfall"
"Describe boreal forests - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Forms in sub-arctic
-Dominated by highly cold tolerant trees -Very cold winters and short, cool summers -Low precipitation -NPP is low"
"Describe temperate forests - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Trees are leafless in winter
-Rain is moderately high -Freezing temps in winter -NPP is moderate"
"Describe tropical forests - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Dominated by plants with broad leaves
-Known for species diversity -Warm temps -High annual rainfall -Highest NPP"
"Describe grasslands - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Conditions are too dry to enable tree growth
-Moderate temps and rainfall -NPP lower than forest communities"
"Describe subtropical deserts - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Very low rainfall
-High annual temps -Low NPP"
"How does the presence of mountains and large bodies of water create climate conditions? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> -Mountain ranges create rain shadows"
"What are Hadley cells? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Atmospheric cell in which air rises at the equator and
sinks at medium latitude -Create bands of wet and dry regions and prevailing winds"
"What are tropical, sub tropical, and temperate climates? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Tropical: no freezing
temps -Sub-Tropical: mild winters, humid summers -Temperate: extended periods of freezing temps"
"How are temps determined by solar irradiance and the tilt of the Earth? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -
Regions at or near the equator receive more sunlight than regions that are close to the poles due to the Earth's tilt -Solar irradiance causes seasons in the Northern and Southern hemispheres"
"What are terrestrial biomes? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Defined by climate
-Forests, deserts, grasslands, tundra"
"What are the 5 main levels of the study of ecology? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1.) Organisms - study the
adaptions that allow organisms to live successfully 2.) Populations - study how population #'s change over time 3.) Communities - study nature and interactions between species 4.) Ecosystems - Study how energy moves 5.) Global - Study the global biosphere"
"What does biogeography mean? - CORRECT ANSWER=> -The study of how organisms are distributed
geographically"
"How do you calculate species diversity? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Calculate the proportion (pi) of each
species - divide the number of individuals in a species by the total number of individuals in the community. For each species, multiply the proportion by the logarithm of the proportion." "What is the name of the process that occurs after disturbances that is the system trying to reset itself?
Be able to distinguish between primary and secondary when it comes to this process. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> -Ecological succession
-Primary succession begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil, in places such as rubble left by a retreating glacier or lava flows." "Understand the feeding relationships among the various species in a community and how they impact
each other. They can be represented by chains or webs. - CORRECT ANSWER=> food web see photo"
"When it comes to food chains and webs understand the following terms: Producers, consumers,
primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, decomposers. - CORRECT ANSWER=>
see photo" "What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader
classifications)? What are the three domains of life? - CORRECT ANSWER=> domain, kingdom, phylum
(plural, phyla), class, order, family, genus (plural, genera), and species. bacteria, archea, eukarya" "· Be able to use phylogenetic trees to identify evolutionary relationships among the species found in the
trees. Also be able to identify what members have what shared traits! - CORRECT ANSWER=> see tree"
"What is genetic drift? How can it influence allele frequencies in a population? What size populations are
most susceptible to genetic drift? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Genetic drift involves the loss of alleles from
a population by chance. Random fluctuations in allele frequencies in small populations reduce genetic variation, leading to increased homozygosity and loss of evolutionary adaptability to change."
"What is gene flow? Does it increase or decrease genetic differences between populations? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Gene flow within a population can increase the genetic variation of the population,
whereas gene flow between genetically distant populations can reduce the genetic difference between the populations."
