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Bio 1500 Final Exam Mizzou 1 Questions With
100% Correct Answers
Recognize dragonflies as formidable aerial and aquatic predators Dragonflies live in water for the first two years of their life. After this adult dragonflies hunt other flying insects while they are flying themselves; they cannot feed while walking or sitting. Identify dragonflies as ancient insects (when, what, why) Carboniferious, meganura, first insects to fly, selection pressures Develop more than one hypothesis for why dragonflies were so big atmospheric PO2, and the lack of aerial predators Rank the importance of team-working skills, content knowledge, communication skills, learning skills, ... for employers and graduate school admission
- team work - last is content knowledge Memorize the dates of major milestones in the history of life on earth, as indicated in the online learning module
- universe formed- 13.7 bya
- earth formed- 4.5 bya
- moon formed- bya
- oldest rocks formed- 3.8-4bya
- oldest fossils (or signs of life) 3.5-3.8bya
- Cyanobacteria- 2500 mya
- Eukaryotes- 2000 mya
algae- 1200 mya "snowball" ice ages- 750 - 600 mya
- first animals 590 mya
- Cambrian explosion 545-520 mya 10 carboniferous- 360 - 330 mya
- first dinosaurs- 230 mya
- birds 150 mya
- dinosaur extinction 65 mya
- modern humans 200,000 years ago Recall environmental characteristics of the Carboniferous time lots of greenery, atmospheric PO2 was 35% Relate the changes of O2 levels in the atmosphere to biological events in the history of life. photosynthesis evolved because of cyanobacteria, at first the rocks oxidized and used up all the oxygen. Once they reached a certain point, life exploded on earth because of the available oxygen. Great oxygenation event caused the ozone to form, mass extinction because excess O2. O2 reacted with methane- eventually caused snowball ice age Recognize that the geology of earth has been dramatically changed by biology the development of photosynthesis and the ricks used up free O Describe the mechanism of diffusion at the level of single particles random movement Describe the pattern observed due to diffusion and the level of many particles
axis on the top labels the species as well as the time periods, while the x-axis on the bottom shows the age in million years. The black bars represent more than 50 measurements that occurred in that "bubble," this is to indicate that a lot of measurements were taken without crowding the graph. The top and bottom graphs are displaying the correlation of atmospheric PO2 and the wingspan length over time. Describe the evidence that supports Clapham and Karr's conclusions They measured temperature, atmospheric PO2, and surrounding predators through fossils Identify the wavelengths (i.e. colors) of light absorbed by chlorophyll red and blue Recall the basic function, inputs, and outputs of the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis. Explain why O2 is a by-product of photosynthesis light dependent-ATP is Synthesized NADPH is made H2O splits and O2 is the by product light independent- Calvin cycle uses the energy from ATP and NADPH to generate even more ATP, the protons are used as Energy and complex 1 & 2 are used to break down CO2 to create G3P. G3P is used to make glucose molecules identify ATP as the main transport form and immediate source of energy in cells the purpose of photosynthesis is to generate ATP for the cells to use as energy
Describe the chemical and energetic changes that occur as ADP cycles to ATP and back again to ADP The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate provide energy because As bonds are broken, energy is released. the opposite is the same, the molecules need energy to form the phosphate bonds back together to get ATP from ADP. Recall the processes that lead to the Great Oxygen Event & how earth looked before and after this event the evolution of cyanobacteria Assess the different outcomes of the oxygen revolution regarding their consequences for life on earth and for earth's geology and atmosphere (O2 reacted with minerals first) the free O2 reacted with methane in the atmosphere and created the Ozone layer. Because of this, there is now excess O2 in the atmosphere that was harmful to life on earth causing a mass extinction
- Today: anti-oxidants and photo-oxidation Describe the relationships between the terms chromosome, gene, allele, and DNA Chromosome- is our DNA found in the nucleus of a cell Genes are induvial sections of our DNA that code for traits allele- different variation of genes DNA- is our genetic make-up Explain why one person can have a maximum of two different alleles of a gene we can only acquire two alleles because we get one allele from each parent Memorize the four postulates of natural selection.
Distinguish between selective and gated proteins selective proteins only let certain ions in, gated is a time variation Identify factors that influence the rate of diffusion and whether those factors increase or decrease the rate highest diffusion rates: high temp, large diffusion area, steep concentration gradient Identify the level of a question according to Bloom's Taxonomy Creating: putting information together in an innovative way, new or original work evaluating: making judgements, justifying a stand or decision analyzing: using the knowledge gained in new ways understanding: explaining ideas or concepts remembering: recalling facts and basic concepts Identify several different selection pressures that could influence body size and indicate the likely direction of phenotypic change in response to the pressure
- being larger helps kill prey (favors pred.)
- being smaller helps animals hide (favors prey)
- being smaller could help with travelling
- being smaller may be b/c of smaller diet
- cold temp: larger body Describe the insect respiratory system They have spiracles on their skin that oxygen goes into and makes contact with a series of tracheas that deliver the oxygen to the parts that need it Recognize differences between human and insect respiratory systems humans use blood to transport oxygen, insects use tracheas
know what a respiratory surface is and how gases move across it thin walls. a moist inner surface. a huge, combined surface area. a rich blood supply- each alveolus is sounded by capillaries. Identify the traits shared by most respiratory systems the main mechanism to transport O2 to the cells: respiratory surface, thin cells, moist surface, large surface area Describe an effective experimental design to determine whether an environmental variable imposes selection on a trait make sure you have the last trial in normal conditions to determine whether or not it is a genetic change or environmental impact Identify the differences among the different classes of organic molecules carbohydrates- provide energy to body thru glucose lipids- store energy; provide insolation from environment proteins- transport, store, membrane-toxin or enzyme-hormones nucleic acids - DNA, RNA, Recall the building blocks of the classes of organic molecules carbohydrates- simple sugars (monosaccharides) lipids- fatty acids proteins- amino acids nucleic acids- nucleotides Identify the function of cellular respiration the function of cellular respiration is to produce ATP
- Memorize the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration
- Describe the role of the proton gradient and ATP synthase 12 hydrogens pushed through synthase to produce 4 ATP, pushing a P on ADP so close that they form a bond and store energy - Explain how fermentation differs from cellular respiration and the situations in which it occurs Fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen and glycolysis pyruvate processing, no citric acid cycle because it requires O2. Glycolysis is the only source of ATP - Memorize the outputs of fermentation alcohol & CO or lactic acid - Explain your observations of reddish light coming from Chlorophyll when lit with white light. Include a description of fluorescence in your explanation. when light is shown through concentrated chlorophyll it emits a red light due to fluorescence. This is the process where light is absorbed, reach its excitation state, falls back down but is emitted as a longer wavelength - Explain why chlorophyll in a leaf behaves differently than isolated chlorophyll. In isolated chlorophyll the light is absorbed but the energy does not go anywhere, so it is emitted as a different color. In leaves, they use all the energy except green ( or environmental factors) - Identify common features between the two processes proton gradient forms and H+ pushes thru ATP synthase, creating ATP- formed from NADH and FADH2-electrons adopted y H
- Identify differences between the two processes plants and animals perform CR but only plants perform PS, different by-products, PS uses NADH, CR uses NADH and FADH2, PS is partially dependent on light, PS in chloroplast, CR in mitochondria - Recognize the inter-relationship between the two processes they are opposites of each other Photosynthesis- CO2 + H20 and sunlight= glucose and O cellular respiration- glucose+ O2 = H20 and CO - Explain the general mechanism of how enzymes function they help bonds form in chem rxns. They bring particles close and lower activation energy - Recall the general function that gradients have in cells. to do biological work and store NRG in cells - Explain how gradients are used in cells using the example of ATP Synthase The gradient for ATP synthase drives the movement of the protons from the intermembrane space through the membrane against concentration to create ATP - Recall 2 more examples of how gradients in cells are used to do work. Another example of this is the movement of flagella, there is a sodium gradient that rotates the motor of the flagellum. Our cells do biological work with a sodium gradient to get glucose in the cell. Our nerve cells use potassium and sodium gradients to send electrical signals to other nerves
- organismal: physiology of plants, animals, fungi, etc. (how do they work?)
- ecological: interactions between species or between an organism and the environment
- evolutionary: topics related to change over time - Recall the elevation of Mt. Everest 8850 - Recall the reason for 'death-zone' and where a death zone occurs there is not enough oxygen in the atmosphere, 8000 m - Recall the migration path of Bar Headed Geese and which feat makes it remarkable
- Migration pattern- across the Himalayas NOT around it-Fly 5,800-6,400m (19- 2 1,000ft) they fly at an altitude that humans would need supplemental oxygen to even move at! - Know the functions of the mammalian respiratory system to provide O2 to our cells - List the steps in mammalian respiration
- inhalation: brings air inside
- in lungs: O2 diffuses to red blood cells (RBC)
- O2 bound to hemoglobin (Hb) inside RBC
- In body: O2 released from Hb - diffusion of O2 to cells
- O2 used in CR - CO2 diffuses to blood
- CO2 dissolved in blood (NOT bound to Hb)
- Blood transports CO2 (and RBCs w/o O2) to lungs
- CO2 diffusion into air --> exhalation back to air
- Know the definitions of: gas exchange, tidal volume, vital capacity, alveoli, ventilation gas exchange: movement of O2 from air into blood; and CO2 from blood into air, move by diffusion tidal volume: Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath vital capacity: the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation alveoli: where lungs and blood exchange gases (tiny sacs) Ventilation: Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, so O2 can be exchange for CO2 in alveoli - Describe how the structure of our respiratory system facilitates gas exchange
- Alveoli: close contact of air and blood-separated by thickness of 2 cells-Diffusion moves O2 and CO2 from high to low concentration-O2 binds to hemoglobin in RBC-- removes it from solution, keeps O2 concentration low---and diffusion going fast trachea, bronchi tubes to bronchioles branches to alveolar ducts to alveoli sacs- the sacs have capillary network where gas exchange happens - Explain what residual lung volume refers to and why it exists Residual volume is the volume that is never exchanged. It is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Residual volume exists because if not, our lungs would collapse. Which of the following is a feature of the human respiratory system that arises from having a large residual lung volume?
the concentration in the atmosphere stays the same, but the total number of air molecules can change depending on elevation Explain similarities/differences among amino acids Similar:-all amino acids share a common backbone differ: - amino acids differ in the R-group that is attached to the backbone Describe the levels of protein structure (primary-tertiary) primary- the amino acid sequence secondary: the hydrogen bonds between the backbones of amino acids, relatively close to each other. can make an alpha helix of beta-sheet tertiary: the chemical interactions of R groups to determine the 3D structure quaternary: how different polypeptide chains interact to create one unit Whereas the ______ structure of a protein is caused by interactions between the backbones of the amino acids, the ______ structure is caused by interactions between the R groups. primary tertiary Describe how classes of amino acids influence their chemical interactions the R group will determine size, polarity and pH Explain why a change in an aa-sequence may change the 3D structure of a protein it can change the 3D structure because AA sequences can be: hydrophobic- fear of water and will turn in to the middle of the structure or hydrophilic- basic/acidic
strongly polar (+/-) outside of protein can form hydrogen bonds with each other and water
- Memorize the basic structure and function of hemoglobin Hb has 4 heme subunits and 4 globular, 2 alpha and 2 betas, the function is to bind to O2 for transportation - Explain the basic properties required of an O2 transport molecule, i.e. why transporters need to have complex affinity it needs to have cooperative binding properties
- effectively bind O2 in the lung-->high affinity
- easily release O2 in the body--> low affinity - Interpret the O2-Hb-dissociation curve farther to the left = increase in affinity right= lower affinity sigmoidal shape shows cooperative binding. The steep part increases quickly as more O2 binds - Define high and low affinity in the context of Hb and O high= grabs O2 easily, but holds onto it tightly (lungs) low= releases O2 easier - Connect molecular changes during O2 binding to cooperative O2 binding properties of Hb cooperative binding describes the process in which the protein structure binds easier to O2 molecules once the first molecule binds, (opens more)
Explain why human Hb does not work sufficiently at high altitude, by relating PO at low and high altitude to the O2 Hb dissociation curve. human Hb does not work at high altitudes because it does not have the ability to bind O2 in the lungs because there is low O2 amounts in the atmosphere. Above 6000m, pO2 is too low to effectively load HB with O2 to allow sustained work Know the key characteristics of a scientific explanation science is real and of the natural world. We learn with facts that explain. Tested observations with checks and balances Differentiate between a hypothesis and a formal scientific theory hypothesis is a suggested explanation and more narrow. Theory is broader with concise and coherent tested by many
- Identify fields of science that rely on observations and modeling more than experiments psych and physics Refute common misconceptions about science and scientists many people think that scientists are nerds in a white coat that all look alike (white men). They are actually diverse with different backgrounds Explain how/why diversity among scientists improves the quality of the science that is practiced you are able to incorporate many different perspectives on issues and ones culture Explain how the bird respiratory system differs from that of mammals they have air sacs rather than just alveoli for gas exchange
- Explain the function of the air sacs and how the airflow in birds directs oxygen- rich air through the lungs at all stages of respiration Bird:-parabronchi: site of gas exchange, fixed shape-air sacs to "store" fresh and used air-inhale: into posterior air sac--> through PB into anterior air sac-exhale: from anterior air sac--> from posterior air sac through PB-Fresh air in PB during inhalation and exhalation-air flow in PB in ONE direction only**ATMOSPHERIC pO2 in LUNGthere is a unidirectional flow in which CO2 and O2 never mix, its always fresh Explain the advantage of unidirectional airflow there is a unidirectional flow in which CO2 and O2 never mix, its always fresh Explain why the high efficiency respiratory system of birds does not work sufficiently well at high altitude. the O2 is less at higher altitudes and low-alt birds use proline leucine, which has lower affinity. Low alt birds cannot sufficiently use oxygen. Oxygen loading at high alt. is bad bc there's less O2 available Interpret the O2-Hb dissociation curves of normal (low altitude) and high-altitude birds (e.g bar-headed geese) with respect to the PO2 available to them. low altitude has low affinity high altitude has high affinity Memorize and apply the binding rules of DNA bases A-T G-C
