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Timeline of
fundamental physics
discoveries
This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process. Multiple discovery sometimes occurs when multiple research groups discover the same phenomenon at about the same time, and scientific priority is often disputed. The listings below include some of the most significant people and ideas by date of publication or experiment.
384 – 322 BCE - Aristotle: Aristotelian physics 250 BCE - Archimedes: Archimedes' principle 500 CE - John Philoponus: Theory of impetus
Pre-scientific
16th century
1514 - Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentrism 1589 - Galileo Galilei: Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
1609, 1619 - Kepler: Kepler's laws of planetary motion 1613 - Galileo Galilei: Inertia 1621 - Willebrord Snellius: Snell's law 1632 - Galileo Galilei: The Galilean principle (the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames) 1660 - Blaise Pascal: Pascal's law 1660 - Robert Hooke: Hooke's law 1662 - Robert Boyle: Boyle's law 1676 - Ole Rømer: Rømer's determination of the speed of light traveling from the moons of Jupiter. 1678 - Christiaan Huygens mathematical wave theory of light, published in his Treatise on Light 1687 - Isaac Newton: Newton's laws of motion, and Newton's law of universal gravitation[1]
1782 - Antoine Lavoisier: Conservation of mass 1785 - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb: Coulomb's inverse-square law for electric charges confirmed[2]
1801 - Thomas Young: Wave theory of light 1803 - John Dalton: Atomic theory of matter 1806 - Thomas Young: Kinetic energy 1814 - Augustin-Jean Fresnel: Wave theory of light, optical interference
17th century
18th century
19th century
1887 - Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: Electromagnetic waves 1888 - Johannes Rydberg: Rydberg formula 1889, 1892 - Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction 1893 - Wilhelm Wien: Wien's displacement law for black-body radiation 1895 - Wilhelm Röntgen: X-rays 1896 - Henri Becquerel: Radioactivity 1896 - Pieter Zeeman: Zeeman effect 1897 - J. J. Thomson: Electron discovered
1900 - Max Planck: Formula for black-body radiation - the quanta solution to radiation ultraviolet catastrophe 1904 - J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom 1904 1905 - Albert Einstein: Special relativity, proposes the photon to explain the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, Mass–energy equivalence 1908 - Hermann Minkowski: Minkowski space 1911 - Ernest Rutherford: Discovery of the atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) 1911 - Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity 1913 - Niels Bohr: Bohr model of the atom 1915 - Albert Einstein: General relativity 1916 - Schwarzschild metric modeling gravity outside a large sphere 1919 - Arthur Eddington:Light bending confirmed - evidence for general relativity 1919-1926 - Kaluza–Klein theory proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism 1922 - Alexander Friedmann proposes expanding universe 1922-37 - Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric cosmological model 1923 - Stern–Gerlach experiment 1923 - Edwin Hubble: Galaxies discovered
20th century
1923 - Arthur Compton: Particle nature of photons confirmed by observation of photon momentum 1924 - Bose–Einstein statistics 1924 - Louis de Broglie: De Broglie wave 1925 - Werner Heisenberg: Matrix mechanics 1925-27 - Niels Bohr & Max Planck: Quantum mechanics 1925 - Stellar structure understood 1926 - Fermi-Dirac Statistics 1926 - Erwin Schrödinger: Schrödinger Equation 1927 - Werner Heisenberg: Uncertainty principle 1927 - Georges Lemaître: Big Bang 1927 - Paul Dirac: Dirac equation 1927 - Max Born interpretation of the Schrödinger equation 1928 - Paul Dirac proposes the antiparticle 1929 - Edwin Hubble: Expansion of the universe confirmed 1932 - Carl David Anderson: Antimatter discovered 1932 - James Chadwick: Neutron discovered 1933 - Ernst Ruska: Invention of the electron microscope 1935 - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: Chandrasekhar limit for black hole collapse 1937 - Muon discovered by Carl David Anderson and Seth Neddermeyer 1938 - Pyotr Kapitsa: Superfluidity discovered 1938 - Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Nuclear fission discovered 1938-39 - Stellar fusion explains energy production in stars 1939 - Uranium fission discovered 1941 - Feynman path integral 1944 - Theory of magnetism in 2D: Ising model
1977 - Bottom quark found 1980 - Strangeness as a signature of quark-gluon plasma predicted[3] 1980 - Richard Feynman proposes quantum computing 1980 - Quantum Hall effect 1981 - Alan Guth Theory of cosmic inflation proposed 1981 - Fractional quantum Hall effect discovered 1983 - Simulated annealing 1984 - W and Z bosons directly observed 1984 - First laboratory implementation of quantum cryptography 1989-98 - Quantum annealing 1993 - Quantum teleportation of unknown states proposed 1994 - Shor's algorithm discovered, initiating the serious study of quantum computation 1994-97 - Matrix models/M-theory 1995 - Wolfgang Ketterle: Bose–Einstein condensate observed 1995 - Top quark discovered 1995-2000 - Econophysics and Kinetic exchange models of markets 1998 - Accelerating expansion of the universe discovered by the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team 1998 - Atmospheric neutrino oscillation established 1999 - Lene Vestergaard Hau: Slow light experimentally demonstrated
2000 - Quark-gluon plasma found[4] 2000 - Tau neutrino found 2001 - Solar neutrino oscillation observed, resolving the solar neutrino problem 2003 - WMAP observations of cosmic microwave background 2004 - Isolation and characterization of graphene
21st century
Last edited 3 days ago by Blaze Wolf
2008 - 16-year study of stellar orbits around Sagittarius_ A* provides strong evidence for a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy 2009 - Planck begins observations of cosmic microwave background 2012 - Higgs boson found by the Compact Muon Solenoid[5]^ and ATLAS[6]^ experiments at the Large Hadron Collider 2015 - Gravitational waves are observed 2019 - First image of a Black hole 2020 - The first room-temperature superconductor identified
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See also
References
