BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH COGNITIVE APPROACH , PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT, Slides of Personality Development

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BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH

 IVAN PAVLOV – CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

 B. F SKINNER – OPERENT CONDITIONING

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING  (^) Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist interested in how learning and association occur in the presence of a stimulus.  (^) In the 1900s, he conducted an experiment that opened the way for behaviorism in America beginning in the 20th century, famously known as classical conditioning.  (^) Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an involuntary response to a stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus.  (^) The process of classical conditioning involves a stimulus and a response. A stimulus is any factor present in the environment that triggers a response. Association happens when a subject learns to respond to a new stimulus in the same way they do to a stimulus that triggers an automatic response.

 (^) In his experiment, he observed that the dog salivates ( response ) in the sight of food (stimulus).  (^) The involuntary salivation of dogs is the unconditioned response , and the food is the unconditioned stimulus.  (^) He rang the bell before he gave the food to the dog. The bell became a conditioned stimulus with repeated pairing with the food (unconditioned stimulus) that triggered the dog's salivation (conditioned response).  (^) He trained the dog to salivate with only the sound of the bell, as the dog associated the sound with the food.  (^) His findings demonstrated stimulus-response learning that helped build what the behaviorist theory is now today.

 (^) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) :- a stimulus that can evoke an unconditioned response the first time it is presented.  (^) Unconditioned response (UCR) :- the response evoked by an unconditioned stimulus.  (^) Conditioned stimulus (CS) :- the stimulus that is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus  (^) Conditioned response (CR) :- the response to the conditioned stimulus

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS  (^) Skinner’s approach to assessing behavior is called functional analysis and it involves three aspects of behavior.  (^) 1. The frequency of the behavior  (^) 2. The situation in which the behavior occurs  (^) 3. The reinforcement associated with the behavior.  (^) E.g.: Consider a functional analysis for cigarette smokers who want to break the smoking habit.  (^) The smokers are asked to keep an accurate record of the number of cigarettes they smoke each day and the situations in which they smoke. Does smoking occur in a particular place or at a certain time? In the presence of others or when alone? After meals or while driving? And what are the reinforcers?  (^) Most smokers smoke more frequently in the presence of certain stimuli.  (^) Identifying these stimuli is necessary because modifying the stimuli should lead to a change in the smoking behavior.

e.g.:- if you are very lazy to clean your room. So your mother offered you that, if you clean the room within half an hour I will give you money for your favourite movie show  (^) Punishment :- a procedure by which the application or removal of a stimulus decreases the strength of a behaviour.  (^) Positive punishment :- weakens responses that precede occurrence of stimulus. e.g.:- yelling at a child for bad behaviour or forcing them to do an unpleasant task when they misbehave.  (^) Negative punishment :- weakens responses that lead to loss or postponement of stimulus. e.g.:- removing strict parental control on the internet or TV when a child proves herself responsible enough to handle more mature content.

PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING  (^) Shaping :- a technique in which close and closer approximations to desired behaviour are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement. uses for shaping:- how to clean the room, how to write his/her name, language development  (^) Chaining :- a procedure that establishes a sequence of responses, which led to a reward following the final response in the chain uses for chaining :- how to tie a shoe, to sip a jacket, how to brush teeth  (^) Premack principle:- principle starting that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity. e.g.:- parents told to children that, they have to eat vegetables before they have dessert  (^) Token economy :- Token economy is a system in which targeted behaviors are reinforced with tokens (secondary reinforcers) and later exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers). e.g. :- giving fake money, poker chips, stickers etc. to reinforce the child.

 (^) Cognitive theories of personality focus on an individual's self-perception, thoughts, what they value, and attitude toward life events. They assert that a person's thoughts influence emotions and thus are instrumental in the development of personality.

GEORGE KELLY  (^) George Kelly approached personality in a different way by not accepting the former theories that was proposed before him. Kelly did not include familiar concept like unconscious, reinforcement, motivation etc but came up with new concepts known as construct  (^) Personal construct theory is Kelly’s description of personality in term of cognitive process. A set of cognitive constructs about the environment are used to organize events in a pattern from which predictions are made to formulate our responses and guide our actions.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTS  (^) Core constructs :- beliefs that ones personal identity and structure that helps maintain their existence. They are resistant to changes.  (^) Peripheral constructs :- beliefs that are relatively unimportant to the person and that can be changed rather easily.  (^) Super ordinate constructs :- construct that control many other constructs.  (^) Subordinate construct :- constructs that are controlled by other constructs.  (^) Propositional construct :- constructs that leaves all of its elements open to modification