Behavioral Theories of Motor Control - Motor Learning - Lecture Slides, Slides of Physical Education and Motor Learning

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Behavioral Theories of Motor

Control

Overview

• Now that we’ve looked at response preparation, what happens during the response programming stage?

Command Center

• Decision> appropriate plan retrieved from memory> instructions to rest of body for action

Open Loop Systems

• Open loop
  • Action plans generated by command center then carried out by the limbs and muscles without modification Command Center (^) Action Mechanical Example:Sending Email

Slow Vs. Rapid Movements

• Motor control uses both open and closed loop systems
  • Movements are planned in advance, initiated & executed with little modification (remember the fake in PRP?)
  • If a rapid movement, feedback will be used for the next attempt
  • For slower movements, open loop begins the movement and closed loop will continue to completion

Problem:

• How does a person do a novel motor skill?
• Motor Program
  • Abstract representation of a movement plan
  • Stored in memory
  • Issues instructions that are carried out by the limbs and muscles

Fixed vs. Flexible Features

• Write your name with the following:
  • Your dominant hand
  • Your non-dominant hand
  • Pen in your mouth
  • Pressing very hard
  • Pressing very soft
  • Write quickly, then slowly
• Which aspects were fixed? Flexible?

Invariant Features

• Relatively fixed underlying features
  • Sequence of actions or components
  • Relative timing
    • Internal rhythm of the skill : the amount of time to write each letter of your name will stay the same whether writing fast or slow
  • Relative force
    • Internal force relationship: The amount of force given to write each letter stays proportionally the same whether pressing hard or soft docsity.com

Review Question

• When swimmers use hand paddles or when baseball hitters swing heavier bats, does this manipulate invariant features or parameter features? - When might such an action hinder the development of correct technique? - What signs would you look for to avoid this problem?

Schema

• Rule or relationship that directs decision-making when a learner is faced with a movement problem
• Developed by abstracting 4 sources of information for each performance attempt 1. Initial conditions present at start of movement 2. Response specifications: parameters used in the execution of the movement 3. Sensory consequences: what did the action feel like? 4. Response outcome: how successful was the response? docsity.com

Motor Response Schema

• Recall schema
  • Responsible for organizing the motor program
    • What do I need to do?>What conditions exist?>What parameters & invariant features are required?>Execute the response
• Recognition schema
  • Responsible for the evaluation of a movement attempt : Was the movement correct? - Error signal updates the recall schema

Dynamic System Theory

• Movement pattern is thought to emerge or self-organize as a function of the ever- changing constraints placed upon it

Task Constraints

• The goal of task: a certain movement
• Rules that may limit the movement
  • One must serve the tennis ball within an area on the baseline
• Implements or machines
  • Using a walker, using weight machines, using a ball

Attractor States

• Systems prefer states of stability
• When a change in constraints is imposed on a system, its stability is endangered
• Deep basins = stable systems = difficult to change
• Shallow basins = less stable = more susceptible to change