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BCAT EXAM AND STUDY SHEET COMPLETE 250
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"Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> The delivery of
reinforcers contingent on an alternative response, where a specific replacement bx is identified and only that specific box is reinforced."
"Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) - CORRECT ANSWER=> The delivery of
reinforcers contingent on a specific desirable bx that is physically incompatible with the problem bx so that both responses could not occur at the same time."
"Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) - CORRECT ANSWER=> The delivery of reinforcers
on an internal schedule, contingent upon the absence of the problem bx. With this, any appropriate bx other than the problem bx is reinforced"
"Deprivation - CORRECT ANSWER=> The absence or reduction of a reinforcer for a period of time. The
deprivation is an establishing operation that inc. the effectiveness of reinforcers"
"Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> A procedure by which a bx that was previously reinforced no loner
received reinforcement and the probability of the behavior decreases. Examples include planned ignoring, escape extinction, and sensory extinction/response blocking."
"Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER=> Occurs when a child uses a newly acquired skill in a novel and
appropriate situation or setting & engages in new forms of the newly acquired skill w/o being taught to do so"
"Maintenance - CORRECT ANSWER=> The continuation of a behavior change after all or part of the
intervention responsible for the behavior change has been faded or terminated. [The extent to which the child continues to demonstrate: reduction of prob. behaviors and inc. of appropriate bx]"
"Premack Principle - CORRECT ANSWER=> AKA: "If...then..." When a highly preferred activity can be
used to reinforce a low preferred activity."
"Response Blocking - CORRECT ANSWER=> The source of reinforcement is blocked or stopped by the
therapist in order to eliminate the reinforcing sensory stimulus"
"Redirection - CORRECT ANSWER=> Prompting a client to engage in a different bx than they are trying
to engage in"
"Overcorrection - CORRECT ANSWER=> The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target bx by
making restitution for damaged and practice of appropriate bx contingent upon the target bx (Do a task plus more)"
"Response Cost - CORRECT ANSWER=> A response reduction procedure in which bx is weakened by
the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer, contingent upon the occurrence of the problem bx."
"Spontaneous Recovery - CORRECT ANSWER=> After a bx has been extinguished or reduced for a
period of time an increase in the magnitude of the behavior occurs."
"Time-Out from Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> A response reduction procedure in which bx is
weakened by the brief removal of all sources of social positive reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of problem bx. (This is only effective when the child is in a preferred environment and moved to a less preferred environment)."
"Replacement Behavior Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER=> Eliminating reinforcement for a problem
bx while reinforcing a replacement bx."
"Types of replacement Behavior interventions - CORRECT ANSWER=> Differential reinforcement of
other behavior (DRO) Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL)"
"Types of time out - CORRECT ANSWER=> Non exclusionary
Exclusionary Seclusionary"
"Autism - CORRECT ANSWER=> Characterized by impairment in ability to form normal social
relationships, impairment in ability to communicate with others, and repetitive behavior patterns"
"3 types of functional behavior assessment - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Indirect
- Descriptive
- Experimental functional analyses"
"Types of reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> Positive, negative, automatic"
language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and non- verbal comm."
"Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships - CORRECT ANSWER=> Ranging
from difficulties adjusting behaviors to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to an apparent absence of interest in peers"
"Behavior excesses in individuals with autism - CORRECT ANSWER=> Stereotypy, Noncompliance,
Tantrums, and Aggression"
"4 reasons a behavior can be problematic - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Topography
- Context
- Intensity
- Frequency"
"Experimental Functional Analyses (EFA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Systematically manipulate the
antecedents and consequences associated with a problem behavior in order to identify maintaining reinforcers."
"Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> A systematic evaluation of the
antecedent and consequence of the target bx that determines why the target bx is occurring (to determine its function)"
"High-p request sequence/Behavioral Momentum - CORRECT ANSWER=> An antecedent intervention
in which several easy tasks with know history of learner compliance are presented in a quick succession immediately before requesting the target task or low-p request"
"Task Analysis (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> The process of breaking down a bx chain into a sequence of
individual SD response components"
"Behavior Chain - CORRECT ANSWER=> Complex behavior comprised of many single responses that
occur in a specific sequence"
"Graduated Random Rotation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Systematically introducing mastered targets one
at a time into random rotation"
"Expanded Trials - CORRECT ANSWER=> Systematically increasing the time between presentations of
the target SD by gradually increasing the number of previously mastered targets between trials of the target"
"DTT 2 Step Process - CORRECT ANSWER=> Used with successive presentation: 1. MT current target 2.
RR current target with two or more mastered targets"
"DTT 3 Step Process - CORRECT ANSWER=> Used with successive presentation: 1. Mass trial target 1
alone 2. Mass trial target 2 alone 3. RR targets 1 and 2"
"DTT 7 Step Process - CORRECT ANSWER=> Used with simultaneous presentation: 1. MT Target 1 alone
- MT Target 1 with unknown 3. MT Target 2 alone 4. MT Target 2 with unknown 5. MT Target 1 with Target 2 present 6. MT T2 with T1 present 7. Randomly rotate Target 1 and Target 2"
"DTT 4 Step Process - CORRECT ANSWER=> Simultaneous presentation 1. MT current target alone 2.
Mass trial current target with unknown 3. MT current target with one or more known distracters 4. Randomly rotate current target with one or more previously mastered targets"
"Types of Consequence Based Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Extinction
- Response Cost
- Time out"
"Distracter Trials - CORRECT ANSWER=> Additional trials of known or mastered targets that do not
include the acquisition target used to teach discrimination"
"Distracter Item - CORRECT ANSWER=> Known or unknown item used in simultaneous presentation to
teach discrimination"
"Successive Discrimination Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> The target and distracters occur across
successive trials"
"Simultaneous Discrimination Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> Multiple objects are placed in front of a
child and he or she is asked to touch, point to, or pick up one of the items (*Field of stimuli)"
"Steps to Shaping - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Identify problem behavior
- Identify first approximation
- Reinforce first approximation until it starts to occur consistently
- Raise criterion for reinforcement to a closer approximation of the target behavior, no longer reinforce previous approximation
- Continue until child learns target behavior"
"Prompt Fading - CORRECT ANSWER=> The systematic removal of a prompt across successive trials so
that stimulus control is transferred from the prompt to the target SD"
"Prompt - CORRECT ANSWER=> A stimulus is presented in addition to the SD that evokes the target
response"
"Time Delay - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of prompt fading. Increasing the elapsed time between the
presentation of the target SD and the prompt across trials"
"Punisher - CORRECT ANSWER=> Aversive stimulus or negative reinforcer that has the effect of
decreasing the strength of a bx when it is presented as a consequence of (is contingent on) that bx."
"3 Categories of Responses - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Correct
- Incorrect
- No Response"
"Discriminative Stimulus (DS) - CORRECT ANSWER=> A stimulus presented to a child which reinforces a
response"
"Components of DTT - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Antecedent 2. Response 3. Consequence"
"Natural Environment Training (NET) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Child directed, uses intrinsically motivating
materials and considers a child's current interests, performed in a natural setting"
"Intraverbal Communication - CORRECT ANSWER=> Verbal behavior that responds to a verbal
antecedent, but does not match the verbal antecedent. Nonspecific consequence. I.E.: Conversational Skills"
"Training Intraverbal Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> Teaching a person to have a conversationg w/
another person w/o using just mands, tacts, & echoics."
"Tact - CORRECT ANSWER=> Verbal behavior that is controlled by a non-verbal antecedent and
followed by a non-specific consequence Ex: Child observes something, then states but does not receive it"
"Tact Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> Making conTACT w/ the environment, aka "labeling." Teaching a
child to comment on the environment around them"
"Mand - CORRECT ANSWER=> Verbal behavior that is controlled by a motivating antecedent and
followed by a consequence that is specific to that motivation Ex: A child wants or needs something, asks for it, and gets it"
"Mand Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> When teaching a client to request items, actions, people,
and/or info. [A mand is a verbal operant that is controlled by a motive ante. & followed by a conse. that is specific to that motivation]"
"Echoic - CORRECT ANSWER=> Verbal behavior that is controlled by and matches a verbal antecedent
Ex: Child repeats exactly what another person says"
"Training Echoic Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> Teaching a person to repeat what the speaker is
saying (TX: "Say cup." R: "Cup")"
"Training Joint Attention - CORRECT ANSWER=> Teaching a client to share an item and/or attend to an
item that is being shared w/them at the same time as another person"
"Skinner's Four Verbal Operants - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. intraverbal 2. tact 3. mand 4. echoic"
"Vocal Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> Any behavior that involves vocal output or speech"
"Verbal Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> Any behavior for which the consequence is mediated by the
bx of another person. Bx that is reinforced by another person."
"Function of Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> The reason the bx is occurring; It is what reinforces or
maintains the bx."
"Verbal Expressive Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> Responds by saying something"
"Verbal Receptive Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> Responding non-vocally to a given instruction"
"3 Term Contingency - CORRECT ANSWER=> Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence... [It is used to
increase appropriate bx and decrease inappropriate bx]"
"Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Targets a behavior and function, describes the
intervention, describes data collection requirements"
"Continuous Recording - CORRECT ANSWER=> Record every instance of bx"
"Core Principle of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER=> The consequences that follow a behavior control
whether that behavior will increase or decrease"
"Principles of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER=> Includes reinforcement, generalization, and extinction, and
how these can be used to treat children w/ autism"
"Discrete Trial Training (DTT) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Adult directed, multiple learning opportunities,
repetition and sequenced instruction"
"Types of SDs - CORRECT ANSWER=> Verbal, visual, combination"
"Types of Prompts - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Physical 2. Model 3. Echoic 4. Directive 5. Textual 6.
Gestural 7. Proximity 8. Voice Inflection 9. Stimulus Manipulation"
"Trial by Trial Recording - CORRECT ANSWER=> Recording each response to an SD as Correct, Incorrect,
No Response, or Prompted, to find the Rate, Percentage, or Average."
"Prevalence rate of autism - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1/88 children
Level 2 Requiring substantial support Level 3 Requiring very substantial support"
"Postive Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> Sally took off her shoe independently yesterday, her
mother clapped her hands and said, "Way to go Sally!" Sally took her shoes off independently again today. The clapping and "way to go" were the postive reinforcer."
"Negative Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> When you start your car, an annoying noise is
sounded. The noise turns off when you put your seatbelt on. The next time you get in the car you put your seatbelt on before you start the car, so you do not hear the noise."
"Postive Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER=> Jose hit Lisa because he wanted her to play with him. The
teacher reprimands Jose and told him not to hit her again. Jose then asked Lisa to play with him the next day."
"Research regarding treatment intensity - CORRECT ANSWER=> Comprehensive undertaking that
involves the child's entire family and a team of professionals. One-on-one treatment 30-40 hours per week"
"Early intensive behavioral intervention research - CORRECT ANSWER=> ABA (Applied Behavior
Analysis) Early intensive intervention helps all ages, but those who start before age 2 were most likely to make dramatic gains."
"Foundational Autism Research - CORRECT ANSWER=> IAN (Interactive Autism Network) a project
collecting information online from families of children with autism, ABA which may help build the foundation for later social skills training"
"Difference between evidence-based interventions vs. non-evidence based interventions - CORRECT
ANSWER=> -Evidence-based: a body of formal research indicates the effectiveness of the treatment.
(occupational therapy, speech therapy, ABA, social skills therapy) -Non-evidence based: has not been proven effective ( Hippo therapy (horse-back riding), GFCF diet (Gluten free, Casein free)"
"Negative Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER=> Jake loves PE. He spits at the teacher during PE class.
The teacher sent him to stand in the hall. The next PE class Jake did not spit."
"Positive Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of reinforcement in which the Presentation of
the stimulus is contingent upon the response, resulting in an Increase in the future probability of that response."
"Negative reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of reinforcement in which Removal of a
stimulus is contingent on a response, resulting in an Increase in the future probablity of that response."
"Positive Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of punishment in which stimulus Presentaion is
contingent on a response resulting in the Decrease of the future probability of that response."
"Negative Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of punishment in which stimulus Removal is
contingent on a response, resulting in the Decrease of the future probability of that response."
"Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER=> A stimulus that is either delivered or removed that will Increase the
lielihood of that response occurring in the future"
"Punisher - CORRECT ANSWER=> Something that causes the target behavior to decrease"
"Conditioned Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER=> (Secondary reinforcer) A stimulus that initially has no
reinforcing properties but through occurring simultaneouly with an unconditioned or strongly contitioned reinforcer, acquires reinforcing properties."
"Unconditioned Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER=> (Primary Reinforcer) Reinforcement that is inherent:
food, clothing & shelter"
"Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> A procedure by which a behavior that was previously reinforced no
longer recieves reinforcement and the probability of the behavior decreases."
"Deprivation - CORRECT ANSWER=> The more deprived of a particular reinforcer, the more powerful
that reinforce will be come, used to make it clear that reinforcement is available if the correct response is given"
"Satiation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Repeated presentation of a reinforcer weakens its effectiveness and
for this reason the rate of responses declines."
"Contingency - CORRECT ANSWER=> the relationship between two events, one being contingent or a
consequence of the other event,"
"Motivating Operation - CORRECT ANSWER=> An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing
effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event."
"Satiation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Elijah has just eaten lunch. The TX brings him into session and plans
on using pieces of carrots as a reinforcer. Carrots are Elijah's favorite food. Elijah refuses the carrots and begins to not respond during his ABA session. He just ate lunch and is satiated on food."
"Deprivation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Tomi has not eaten since 7:00 am. it is now 10:00 am., the TX
offers Tomi food during a preference assessment. Tomi chooses food. He gets 100% correct on his lesson with the food as a reinforcer for each correct response."
"Antecedent - CORRECT ANSWER=> Jim threw his tablet at his mom when she answered the phone."
"Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER=> the process of taking a skill learned in one setting and applying
it in other settings, the process of taking one skill and applying it in different ways"
"Maintenance - CORRECT ANSWER=> the continuation of a behavior change after all or a part of the
intervention responsible for the behavior change has been faded or terminated"
"Caregiver Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> training for the parents and/or family members or
caregivers, given by the BCBA so they can support learning and skill practice throughout the day"
"Premack Principle - CORRECT ANSWER=> a principle that states that contingent access to high-
frequency behaviors (preferred activities) serves as a reinforcer for the performance of low-frequency behavior"
"Preference Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER=> a collection of methods used to predict the extent to
which stimuli will function as reinforcers for a given individual"
"Prompt - CORRECT ANSWER=> a cue or hint meant to induce a person to perform a desired behavior,
an antecedent that induces a person to perform a behavior that otherwise does not occur"
"Errorless Learning - CORRECT ANSWER=> a therapy strategy that ensures children always respond
correctly, as each skill is taught children are provided with a prompt or cue immediately following an instruction, the immediate prompt prevents any chance for incorrect responses"
"Most-to-Least Prompting - CORRECT ANSWER=> Fading from one type of prompt to another less
intrusive prompt, using the most intrusive (full physical) to the least intensive (stimulus manipulation) used when teaching a new skill"
"Least-to-Most Prompting - CORRECT ANSWER=> a hierarchy of prompts is used and this hierarchy has
a minimum of three levels, 1st is independent (no prompt) the remaining levels are sequenced to form the least amount of help to the most amount of help, the last level should be a controlling prompt that results in the learner doing the behavior correctly"
"Prompt Fading - CORRECT ANSWER=> decreasing the level of assistance needed to complete a task or
activity, the overall goal is for the student to eventually engage in the skill independently"
"Time Delay Prompt - CORRECT ANSWER=> The transfer of stimulus control from the prompt to the
target SD by increasing the elapsed time between the presentation of the target SD and the prompts across trials"
"Chaining - CORRECT ANSWER=> A chain of sequences of SDs and responses where each response in
the sequence (except for the last one) produces the SD for the next response in the sequence."
"Shaping - CORRECT ANSWER=> Systematically reinforcing successive approximations of a target
behavior while extinguishing previous approximations. The successive approximations become increasingly more similar to the target behavior."
"Pacing - CORRECT ANSWER=> the speed or rate at which an instructor presents the task in a lesson,
*In NET the learner effectively sets their own pace during therapy"
"Alternative and Augmentative Communication - CORRECT ANSWER=> (AAC) an umbrella term that
encompasses the communication methods used to supplement or replace speech or writing for those with impairments in the production or comprehension of spoken or written language (picture or symbol boards)"
"Functional Approaches to Teaching Language Skills - CORRECT ANSWER=> (VB) Verbal Behavior: a
method of teaching language that focuses on the idea that a meaning of a word is found in their functions to assess and facilitate language skills development"
"Mand Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> (Requesting or Asking) a verbal response that is controlled by
an established operation controlled by states of deprivation and aversion, usually specifying its own reinforcer, we use mands to get needs and desires meet"
"Tact Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> Teaching a child to comment on the environment around them. A
tact is a verbal operant that is controlled by a nonverbal antecedent and followed by a nonspecific consequence."
"Training Echoic Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> (Vocal Imitation) Verbal behavior that is controlled by
and matches a verbal antecedent, Involves 4 phases: Teaching the child to vocally imitate sounds the sound blends, combine the sounds and sound blends to form words, and to link the words together to form phrases and sentences"
"Training Intraverbal Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> (Conversational Behavior) Verbal behavior that is
controlled by a verbal antecedent and does not match the verbal antecedent, occurs when a child hears a question or comment, says something related to but different from what is heard * Does not receive the item named"
"Training Joint Attention - CORRECT ANSWER=> teaching a child to comment by encouraging him/her
to point to an object of interest and say the name of the object"
"Teaching Play Skills - CORRECT ANSWER=> basic hierarchy, based on developmental levels: Solitary
play, Parallel play, Interactive, Cooperative, Pretend, Rule Based Play *Create a plan set concrete, small goals, determine how to measure progress and embed reinforcement into the task (start with cause- and-effect toys/ jack-in-the-box, keyboard etc.)"
"Operational Definition - CORRECT ANSWER=> the behavior as to its topology and its function *An
explicit definition that makes it possible for two or more disinterested observers to identify the same behavior when observed"
"Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a variation on procedures originally
developed to ascertain the purpose or reason for behaviors displayed by an individual *Identifies a specific target behavior, the purpose of the behavior, and what factors maintain the behavior that is interfering with the student's educational progress"
"Escape Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by
social negative reinforcement (the ability to escape a situation/demand)"
"Attention Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by
social postive reinforcement (receiving attention from another person)"
"Access to Tangible Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> Planned ignoring of the problem behavior
maintained by social positive reinforcement ( the ability to gain a desired item)"
"Automatic Function - CORRECT ANSWER=> occurs when a person's behavior creates a favorable
outcome without the involvement of another person (One of the 4 Functions of Behavior)"
"Antecedent Interventions (ABI) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a collection of practices in which
environmental modifications are used to change the conditions in the setting that prompt a learner with ASD to engage in an interfering behavior to decrease the likelihood of problem student behavior making adjustments to the learning environment"
"Functional Communication Training (FCT) - CORRECT ANSWER=> involves teaching the most
meaningful vocabulary to children with ASD in the most naturalistic way, teaches the words for the child's most preferred objects in setting where he/she can have that object"
"Token Economy - CORRECT ANSWER=> a system of contingency management based on the systematic
reinforcement of target behavior *Based on principles of operant conditioning and behavioral economics (delivers a positive reinforcement)"
"High-p Request Sequence/ Behavioral Momentum - CORRECT ANSWER=> high probability requests *
Behavioral momentum: to build up momentum to what you really want the child to do *cover the goal with 1-3 layers before presenting it"
"Non-contingent Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> the use of positive reinforcement that is not
related to the occurrence of a target behavior * giving the reinforcement at timed intervals before the behavior occurs then increasing the number of times it is given until the behavior stops occurring without the reinforcer"
"Replacement Behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER=> a behavior you want to replace (an unwanted target
behavior) teaching an appropriate behavior to meet the same need that the challenging behavior met"
"Escape Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> A TX asks a child a question, the child hits the TX. The TX
continues to ask the child the question and does not allow the child to escape the demand due to the hitting. The TX will prompt until the child can answer the question."
"Attention Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> A mother is on the phone, the child comes up to her and
kicks her repeatedly. The mother ignores the behavior and makes the childs ask for attention appropriately before giving the child attention"
"Access to Tangible Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> A TX removes a toy from a child so they can run a
lesson. The child spits at the TX. The TX continues to run the lesson and does not allow the child access to the toy due to the spiting."
"Extinction Burst - CORRECT ANSWER=> A child has a baseline rate of 30 head bangs per hour. The
BACB created a BIP that involveed escape extinction. When the plan began to be implemented the rate of head banging increased to 100 times per hour."
"Continuous Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> a method of learning that compels an individual to
repeat a certain behavior *a reinforcer is delivered after every single target behavior"
"Intermittent Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> the reinforcer is only given part of the time a
subject gives the desired response"
"Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> the reinforcer is
given when another more appropriate behavior is used or observed * used to teach replacement behaviors"
"Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a procedure in
which a behavior is identified that is incompatible with, or cannot occur at the same time as the problem behavior *The focus is replacing negative behavior with positive behavior"
"Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) - CORRECT ANSWER=> reinforcement of any
behavior except the undesired behavior *Provides reinforcement for the absence or omission of a target behavior"
"Response Blocking - CORRECT ANSWER=> The source of reinforcement is blocked or stopped by the
therapist in order to eliminate the reinforcing sensory stimulus"
"Redirection - CORRECT ANSWER=> Prompting a client to engage in a different behavior than they are
trying to engage in"
"Satiation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Repeated presentation of a reinforcer weakens its effectiveness and
for this reason the rate of responses declines."
"Positive Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of reinforcement in which the presentation of
the stimulus is contingent upon the response, resulting in an increase in the future probability of that response"
"Negative Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of reinforcement in which removal of a
stimulus is contingent on a response, resulting in an increase in the future probability of that response."
"Positive Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of punishment in which stimulus presentation is
contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response"
"Negative Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER=> A type of punishment in which stimulus removal is
contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response."
"Establishing Operations (EO) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Increases motivation for something and increases
likelihood you will try to access that reinforcer"
"Abolishing Operations (AO) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Decreases motivation for something and
decreases likelihood you will try to access that reinforcer"
"Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - CORRECT ANSWER=> A stimulus in the presence of which a particular
response will be reinforced and in the absence of which that response will not be reinf"
"Stimulus Control (Discriminative Control) - CORRECT ANSWER=> The tendency for the target behavior
to occur in the presence of the SD (b/c it was reinforced in the past)"
"Discrimination Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> Teach the child to respond to/tell the difference
between two (or more) SDs."
"Discrete Trial Training (DTT) - CORRECT ANSWER=> A specific method of teaching in which a task is
isolated and taught across multiple trials. A specific opportunity (antecedent) is presented and a specific response is expected. A consequence follows the response."
"Fluency-Based Training - CORRECT ANSWER=> Taking an existing skill and increasing accuracy and
speed of skill performance in order to develop competence"
"Errorless Learning - CORRECT ANSWER=> Involves early and immediate prompting of the target
response so that the learner's response is sure to be correct."
"Most-to-Least Prompting - CORRECT ANSWER=> Fading from one type of prompt to another less
intrusive prompt. Most assistance to least assistance."
"Least-to-Most Prompting - CORRECT ANSWER=> Staring with a least intrusive prompt possible and
the client is not successful, therefore having to move to more intrusive prompts until the client responds."
"Chaining - CORRECT ANSWER=> A chain of sequence of SDs and responses where each response in
the sequence (expect for the last one) produces the SD for the next response in the sequence; A complex bx that is comprised of many single responses that occur in a specific sequence"
"Forward Chaining - CORRECT ANSWER=> Begin with the first SD-Response component in the chain
and then continue forward though the remaining SD-Response components"
"Backward Chaining - CORRECT ANSWER=> Begin with the final step, or the last SD-Response
component, then move backwards towards the remaining components"
"Total Task Presentation - CORRECT ANSWER=> All of the SD-Response components of the chain are
taught during every learning trial. A reinforcer is delivered after each SD-Response component."
"Shaping - CORRECT ANSWER=> Systematically reinforcing successive approximations of a target bx
while extinguishing previous approximations."
"Noncontingent Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER=> The delivery of functional reinforcers on a time
based schedule, independent of the problem behavior"
"Replacement Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER=> Other behaviors or skills taught that are an appropriate
substitute for a problem behavior."
"Escape Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by
social negative reinforcement (the ability to escape a situation/demand)"
"Attention Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by
social positive reinforcement (receiving attention from another person)"
"Access to Tangible Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER=> Planned ignoring of the problem behavior
maintained by social positive reinforcement (the ability to gain a desired item)"
"Extinction Burst - CORRECT ANSWER=> The bx on extinction briefly increases in frequency, duration,
or intensity before it decreases and stops."
