Download Assignment related to Traffic Engineering and more Quizzes Traffic Control and Regulation in PDF only on Docsity!
- Describe different roles of a traffic engineer in India. Provide an example of a current
project in India where traffic engineers played a significant role and describe the
position.
The Institute of Traffic Engineers, USA defines Traffic Engineering as a field of engineering
that focuses on constructing and constructing geometry of roads, highways, busy areas, and
vehicles. Their use is related to the safe, easy, and convenient transportation of people and
goods.
Understanding the importance of traffic engineers and how they help improve human
performance and overall performance, goods, and transportation gives us a complete picture
of what is needed to increase traffic and reduce traffic congestion.
While ensuring that infrastructure is accessible, secure, and built for all road users is
essential, a traffic engineer can address traffic concerns with new developments and existing
infrastructure rebuilding. Road engineers collect information on road construction, road
signs, and land construction to create road courses to develop new and innovative ways to
extend roads and other routes.
Road engineering works to solve any problems that impede the movement of people safely
and efficiently on the roads. While most road engineering focuses on constructing and
constructing road infrastructure, road engineering covers all other aspects of road traffic, such
as road markings, road signs, and intersection management.
- Improving road space
- Develop road safety strategies and plans
- Assessing and implementing vehicle collision mitigation measures
- Conducting access studies, parking, and vehicles
- Integrate various modes of efficient transport and transport into road projects
- Development of cross-cutting plans and applications
- Conducting road safety studies
In addition to working on new infrastructure projects, road engineers play a key role in
rebuilding and improving existing roads. Traffic engineers are highly trained in researching,
modeling, testing and implementing road improvement programs - road signs, lighting, road
signs, system visibility, road maintenance, and traffic stations - on all types of roadsSome of
the life services offered by traffic engineers to improve existing roads include:
- Implement measures to reduce congestion
- Road signs and markings
- Installing road signs
- Installing roundabouts
- Flexible message signals
- Carry out traffic and road research
Recent and ongoing projects in traffic engineering include:
a. Road Safety Test for 2,500 km of Ods State SHs and MDRs
A significant task in road safety research is to identify road elements that can contribute to
injuries and road users who may be injured in such situations. This "risk identification"
approach works best in a system where system information is determined. The client wishes
to know what the security implications are and how they can be minimised.
For that reason, in most studies of the Road Safety section, the Auditor-General accepts the
basic principles presented in the construction and does not want to rebuild the systems. They
identify road safety issues in construction and propose appropriate measures that will
improve road safety.
The Road Safety Appraisal, sometimes known as the Road Safety Appraisal, is an
independent evaluation of the comparisons of road safety effects of different approaches or a
comparative risk assessment for other road users in one design. Road Safety Assessment
requires, as their basis, some understanding and application of risk assessment strategies.
This comparative test provides an opportunity to assess the safety of basic construction
principles. The opportunity to make comparative tests makes Road Safety Assessment a
suitable tool to be used in the early stages of construction - especially within the
Transportation Proposal for a development proposal.
b. Reconstruction of the ITO Intersection, Delhi
In line with population growth, the need to travel to Delhi has increased many folders. The
inequality of the public transport system has led to the emergence of vehicles. Although there
are relatively wide roads, traffic congestion has become common on Delhi's streets, and
delays in organisations have increased dramatically. Sometimes intimate traffic will have to
wait for 2-3 cycles to clear intersections.
The busiest crossings in Delhi is the ITO, which forms the gateway of the road from the
junction with the Yamuna. This intersection is typical as it connects two lanes where the train
side is located. Railways are provided with a subway bridge to facilitate traffic flow on the
road. More than 3,00,000 vehicles use this cross in any typical working day, with high prices
affecting a total of about 30,000 vehicles per hour. With its availability and integrated
development, providing spatially differentiated exchanges is not easy in this area. Such
vehicle management measures will need to be adapted and implemented for effective vehicle
movement at this intersection. Recognising this need, the Delhi Urban Art Commission
(DUAC) has requested the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) to conduct a detailed
study of traffic and pedestrians in the area to find the best solution for traffic congestion at
this intersection. In line with DUAC's request, CRRI conducted systematic road studies to
assess the characteristics of traffic and resources needed to manage traffic through
appropriate controls.
Traffic engineers apply scientific principles, tools, techniques and findings to the safe, fast,
easy and powerful movement of people and property.
REFLEX ACTION
the original or design speeds. As a result, the stopping distance increases with the increase
in the reaction time of the driver.
PIEV time:
According to PIEV theory, the total response time of a driver is divided into four parts,
a) Perception time
b) Intellection time
c) Emotion time
d) Volition time
Figure 1 - Reaction time and PIEV process
a. Perception time:
It is the time required to perceive the sensation through the eyes, ears, nervous system
and brain. The exact time needed for this depends upon the individual's psychological
and physiological build up.
b. Intellection time:
It is the time required to identify the sensation perceived and develop any reflex
action regarding such feeling.
c. Emotion time:
The time spent in the decision-making process and the emotional time of the driver is
likely to vary significantly depending upon the problems involved.
d. Volition time:
It is the time taken for the final action.
The PIEV time of a driver depends upon several factors such as physical and
psychological characteristics of the driver, type of the problem involved,
environmental condition and temporary factors such as the motive of the trip, travel
speed, fatigue, consumption of alcohol etc.
BRAIN
I-E
SPINAL
CORD
P V
STIMULUS
RESPONSE
The PIEV time may vary from 0.5 seconds for simple situations to 3-4 seconds or
even more in complex problems.
PIEV time of 2.5 seconds is considered satisfactory for most situations.
PIEV time recommended by various countries:
India (IRC.)
Sec
Australia
National Association of Australian State
Road Authorities (NAASRA)
sec Speeds more than 100 km/h
sec Speeds less than 100 km/h
sec
Restricted situations and difficult
terrain
Austria
sec
Britain
sec
Canada
Like
the
US
policy
France
sec
Germany
sec For rural roads
sec For urban streets
Greece
sec For rural roads
sec For urban streets
South Africa
sec
Sweden
Swedish national road administration
(SNRA)
sec
The existing pedestrian environment at Bellasis Road. Photo by: Rohit Tak/W.R.I. India
Solution:
Suggested Design and Building Materials,
The proposed Bellasis Road project incorporated the following objectives:
- Maintaining consistent traffic lanes: two lanes on each side
- Build more use/parking spaces on all roads
- Introducing continuous foot routes
- Introducing protected pedestrian crossings
- Introducing' localisation' to manage footpaths
(IRohit Tak/WRI, 2020)
Continuous improvement on Bellasis Road. (Photo by: Rhea Antony / WRI India)
India's major cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, and others have built major cities,
flyovers, and high-altitude areas to facilitate pedestrian movement during peak hours and
peak hours. These innovations help guide pedestrians effectively and provide much-needed
safety.
French Boulevard with wide pedestrian walkways
Pedestrian zone in Canakkale, Turkey
Sidewalks in Budapest, Hungary
Times Square Pedestrians Mall, New York, U.S.A.
The main features of the pedestrians' facilities provide abroad are:
A designated line away from the vehicle route, which avoids crashes.
Facilities on the sides of sidewalks
Well marked paths places to rest while walking
Focus is given on cleanliness and maintenance of sidewalks creating a favourable
route for pedestrians.
- Provide examples of innovative designs for the efficient movement of bicycles in
India and abroad.
CYCLING IN INDIA:
It can be an amicable way to travel that can help reduce congestion in our cities. It would be
an effective solution to free our roads from the ever-increasing number of vehicles. It can be
a cost-effective way to deal with the rising cost of fuel, and it can be a great way to change
the way you live a healthy lifestyle.
On the roads of India, 16 people are dropped off every hour, and cyclists are among those
most at risk from road users except for two-wheelers and pedestrians. According to a 2015
report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Data, Risk Road users accounted for
46.3 per cent of fatalities. However, another report, Analysis of Global Road Safety 2015 by
the SaveLIFE Foundation, found that road deaths among pedestrians, cyclists and
motorcyclists accounted for nearly half of all road deaths worldwide.
Problems:
No Continuous Cycle Tracks
Poor Design Of Cycle Tracks
Lack Of Road Sense Among People:
Solutions:
A dedicated cycle path helps in many ways. Cyclists can find a free way to travel, and they
do not have to worry about their safety and can safely navigate workplaces, markets, and
playgrounds. The problem of congestion can be minimised and it can save time.Dedicated
lanes should be strengthened in all cities, which can help reduce congestion and make cycling
more accessible.
The first Indian pop-up route dedicated to cyclists started in Bengaluru last year.The long-
awaited dream of the cycle riders finally came true as the bright orange pop-up routes
Encouraging people to use cycles is also helpful to lessen the carbon emissions for a greener
environment.
Cycle lanes across The Netherlands and the UK.
European nations are well ahead of India and other southeast Asian countries in handling the
traffic flow, mobilising traffic, and regulating congestion.
They also plan in a more reasonable approach to avoid congestion and delay during peak
hours. Most people prefer to cycle to work, and hence dedicated cycle tracks prove to be
more effective. Cycling is cost-effective, promotes better health, reduces carbon emission and
has all other benefits discussed above.
Cycle lanes across various streets of the UK.
- Differentiate between uniform and non–uniform acceleration models of vehicular
motion. Derive an equation for determining the speed of a vehicle v at any time t
according to non-uniform acceleration theory.
Uniform Acceleration Model Non-uniform Acceleration
Acceleration is assumed to be constantly
varying with time.
Acceleration is not constant concerning time
throughout the journey.
In this model, acceleration does not vary
throughout the journey
In this model, acceleration varies inversely
with the speed of the vehicle throughout the
journey
The Uniform acceleration model is for ideal
conditions
Non-Uniform acceleration is experienced in
actual life conditions.
A vehicle with non-uniform acceleration:
In actual conditions, vehicles will be moving with non-uniform acceleration,
The variable acceleration is given by
ⅆ v
ⅆ t
= α − βv
Where
α and
β are constants, an inspection of this equation indicates that
α is the maximum
acceleration attainable and
α / β is the possible top speed.
Integrating the equation between v and vo,
β
log
α − βv |
v
0
v
= t
Or,
ⅆ v
ⅆ t
= α − βv
ⅆ t =( α − βv )
− 1
ⅆ v
Boundary conditions are: when, t=0, speed is
v
0
and at time = t, speed is v ,
Integrating both sides,
∫
0
t
dt = ∫
v 0
v
dv
α − βv
on integration,
t =
β
log ( α − βv )
v 0
v
Here initial velocity is
v
0
and final velocity is
v .
Or,
− βt =log ( α − βv )−log
α − β v
0
Or,
− βt
α − βv
α − β v
0
Or, α − βv =ⅇ
− βt
( α − β v
0
Or, βv = α −ⅇ
− βt
( α − β v
0
Therefore, velocity after 't' time is,
v =
α
β
α
β
− βt
0
− βt
Similarly, distance travelled (s)after time t is
s =
αt
β
α
β
2
1 − e
− βt
v
o
β
( 1 − e
− βt
And acceleration is ,
a = α e
− βt
− v
o
e
− βt
. β
Rolling Resistance also depends on speed, the value of rolling resistance is constant up to
50kmph but above this Coefficient of rolling resistance increases.
b. Air resistance: Pa
Vehicular movement is resisted by air and can be experienced while riding a bike or cycling.
Air resistance tends to oppose the motion of the vehicle. Since air has density, it exerts a
reaction pressure against the vehicle's front when it moves at speed. The friction of air against
the sides of the vehicle body causes resistance to motion. Driving the airstream behind the
vehicle, under the body and around the wheels cause power loss. The flow of air through the
vehicle for ventilating and cooling causes resistance to the motion.
Air resistance (Pa) = C a
∗ A ∗ v
2
Where
C
a
is Coefficient of air resistance (kg/ m
2
), A is the projected front area of the vehicle
in sq. m at right angles to the direction of motion, v is the vehicle's speed relative to the air in
m/s.
Pa is the air resistance in N.
c. Grade Resistance: Pi
When the vehicle travels in an inclined path, additional work is done to keep the vehicle
moving at the same speed as flat terrain.
The additional work is equal to the work needed to lift the vehicle through a height
represented by the inclination. If the horizontal distance is 1m , and the slope is 'i' per cent,
the rise will be i/100 m. If the mass of the vehicle is m kg, the additional force to move the
vehicle up the incline, Pi is given by,
± Pi =
m ∗ i ∗ g
If the slope becomes downward,
i becomes -ve, and
Pi becomes negative, representing a
reduction in force to move the vehicle.
d. Inertial forces during acceleration and deacceleration (Pj)
When speeding a vehicle, additional power is needed to accelerate, same is the case when a
vehicle has to gather speed from a stopped position; the additional force Pj is given by,
Pj = mass ∗ acceleration
± Pj = ma =
m ∗ dv
dt
The value of Pj will be +ve if the vehicle is to accelerate and -ve if the vehicle has to
decelerate.
e. Transmission losses
Losses in power occur to the mode of transmission (clutch or automatic fluid coupling ) from
the engine to the gear system and in the gear system itself. The vehicle has a system of gears
such that the vehicle's speed can be altered relative to the engine speed. At the start of the
vehicle, high power is needed even at low speed.
High engine power is required while driving uphill while turning low gear is used, but when
resistance to motion is low, going at high gear, high speed is preferred.
10-15% of engine power is generally required to overcome such scenarios, which may rise up
to 25% of engine power loss in trucks for low speed.
- Which IRC document suggests the use of various road signs. Explain the various
road signs and give suitable examples of each category.
All the information regarding the use of various road signs is mentioned in IRC 67.
Road signs are broadly classified into three main categories,
a. Danger signs (Warning or Cautionary Signs)
b. Regulatory Signs ( Prohibitory Signs and Mandatory Signs )
c. Informatory signs ( Indication Signs, Advance direction Signs and direction signs,
place and route identification signs )
a. Danger signs (Warning or Cautionary Signs)
It is used when deemed necessary to warn traffic of existing or potentially
hazardous conditions on or adjacent to a highway or street.
As per IRC standard, the side of the triangle = 900 mm for standard size and
600mm for reduced size.
The signs have red border and the symbols indicated are in black against a
white background.
Examples of
Warning Signs
b. Regulatory Signs ( Prohibitory Signs and Mandatory Signs )
They are the signs giving definite instruction:
I. Prohibitory Signs
These signs inform Highway users of traffic laws and regulations
Give substantial negative instruction prohibiting the motorists from making
certain manoeuvres like movement prohibition, waiting for restrictions and
restrictions on dimensions, speed and weight.
