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ARRT RADIOGRAPHY EXAM
REVIEW EXAM 760 QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
ALREADY GRADED A+
Study guide for the ARRT exam in
radiography
"What are some reactions to cardiovascular shock? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Cardiac Arrest" "What are some other reactions that may be found as a result of contrast media injection? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Nausea/Vomiting
- Sneezing
- Sensation of Heat
- Itching
- Hoarseness of Voice
- Coughing
- Urticaria
- Dyspnea
- Loss of Consciousness
- Convulsions
- Cardiac Arrest
- Paralysis
- Change in Orientation"
"________ contains negatively and positively charged ions. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Iodinated Ionic Contrast Media" "________ do not ionize into separate negative and positive charges. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Iodinated Nonionic Contrast Media" "________ has a far lower incidence of contrast agent reactions because it is not ionized. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Iodinated Nonionic Contrast Media" "What is the atomic number for iodine? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 53" "What is the atomic number for barium? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 56" "What is the atomic number for tungsten? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 74" "What letter represents the atomic mass number? - CORRECT ANSWER=> A" "What letter represents the atomic number? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Z" "In what order is venipuncture performed? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Wash hands.
- Put on gloves.
- Place tourniquet in place.
- Select vein.
- Cleanse area.
- Remove air from syringe/tubing.
- Insert needle.
- Observe blood flow into catheter.
- Remove tourniquet.
- Begin injection." "When handling chemicals and they are exposed to skin, the area should be washed with cool water for at least ________ minutes. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 5" "When handling chemicals and they splash into the eyes, the eyes should be washed with cool water for at least ________ minutes. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 15"
"X-rays that emerge from the patient and strike the image receptor, and are composed of primary and scattered photons is known as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Exit or Remnant Radiation" "X-ray beams that contain photons of many different energies are known as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Heterogeneous." "What are twelve properties of x-rays? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Highly penetrating, invisible rays.
- Electrically neutral.
- Liberate minute amounts of heat.
- Polyenergetic, heterogenous.
- Travel in straight lines.
- Ionize matter.
- Cause fluorescence of certain crystals.
- Travel at the speed of light.
- Affect photographic film.
- Cannot be focused by a lens.
- Produce chemical and biologic changes.
- Produce secondary and scatter radiation." "What occurs during Coherent Scattering? - CORRECT ANSWER=> The incident x-ray interacts with an atom causing it to become excited. The atom immediately releases this excess energy as a scattered x-ray having the same energy and wavelength as the incident x-ray, but in a different direction." "What occurs during Compton Scattering? - CORRECT ANSWER=> The incident x-ray interacts with an outer-shell electron and ejects it from the atom, ionizing the atom. The x-ray then continues in a different direction with less energy and a longer wavelength." "What occurs during the Photoelectric Effect? - CORRECT ANSWER=> The incident x-ray interacts with an inner-shell electron and ejects it from the atom, ionizing the atom. The x-ray is not scattered but totally absorbed, releasing all of its energy to the ejected electron. Characteristic x-rays are then produced as outer-shell electrons fill the void left by the inner-shell electron." "What is Bremsstrahlung Radiation? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when a projectile electron is slowed by the electric field of a target atom nucleus."
"What is Characteristic Radiation? - CORRECT ANSWER=> When projectile electrons interact with inner-shell electrons of the target atom, rather than with an outer-shell electron." "X-ray's have diagnostic wavelengths of ________ to ________, and travel as bundles of energy called photons. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 0.1 Å
- 0.5 Å" "The upper boundary dose that can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually, with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual, is known as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Effective Dose" "What is the annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 50 mSv" "What is the annual equivalent dose limit for occupational exposure to the lens of the eye? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 150 mSv" "What is the annual equivalent dose limit for occupational exposure to the localized areas of the skin, hands and feet? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 500 mSv" "This is calculated by multiplying the radiographer's age in years times 10 mSv. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Cumulative effective dose limit." "The annual effective dose limit for students over the age of 18 is ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 50 mSv" "The annual effective dose limit for the general public, assuming frequent exposure is ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1 mSv" "The annual effective dose limit for the general public, assuming infrequent exposure is ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 5 mSv" "The total equivalent dose to the embryo/fetus for the entire gestational period is ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 5 mSv" "The equivalent dose limit to the embryo/fetus per month is ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 0.5 mSv"
"Doses causing somatic effects are much ________ than those received in general diagnostic radiography. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Higher" "What are some examples of early somatic effects (acute radiation syndrome)? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Hematopoietic Syndrome
- GI Syndrome
- Central Nervous System Syndrome" "What is hematopoietic syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER=> It decreases the total number of all blood cells, and can lead to death." "What is GI syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER=> It causes total disruption of GI tract structure, and function, and can result in death." "What is central nervous system syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER=> It causes complete failure of the nervous system and results in death." "What are some examples of late somatic effects? - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Carcinogenesis
- Cataractogenesis
- Embryologic Effects
- Thyroid Function
- Shortening of Life Span" "What is carcinogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER=> It causes cancer." "What is cataractogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER=> It causes cataracts to form, following a nonlinear-threshold dose-response curve." "When are embryologic effects most sensitive? - CORRECT ANSWER=> During the first trimester of gestation." "What are late somatic effects of the thyroid? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Being a very sensitive organ, late somatic effects may manifest as cancer or cessation of function." "Shortening of lifespan ________ occur in modern radiation workers. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Does Not"
"A genetic effect is damage to the ________ molecule, which is then passed on to the next generation. - CORRECT ANSWER=> DNA" "Genetic effects follow a ________ dose-response curve. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Linear- Nonthreshold" "There is no such thing as a safe ________ dose. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Gonadal" "Any exposure amount to the gonads can represent a ________ threat. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Genetic" "The amount of radiation that causes the number of mutations in a population to double is the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Doubling Dose" "The doubling dose for humans is approximately ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1.56 Sv" "Gonadal shielding may reduce female gonad dose by up to ________%. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 50" "Gonadal shielding may reduce male gonad dose by up to ________%. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 95" "Gonadal shielding is required when the gonads are within the primary beam, or within ________ cm of the primary beam. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 5" "The minimum source-to-skin distance for portable radiography equipment is ________ inches.
- CORRECT ANSWER=> 12" "Source-to-tabletop distance for fixed fluoroscopes may not be less than ________ inches. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 15" "Source-to-tabletop distance for portable fluoroscopes may not be less than ________ inches. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 12" "Fluoroscopy timers must sound an alarm after ________ minutes (________ seconds) of beam- on time. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 5
- 300"
"Primary and secondary protective barriers must overlap by at least ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1/2-Inch" "Secondary protective barriers must be located wherever ________ or ________ radiation may strike. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Leakage
- Scatter" "The x-ray control booth is considered to be a ________ protective barrier. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Secondary" "The lead window in a control booth enclosure is usually ________ lead equivalent. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1.5 mm" "Measured in mA minutes per week, ________ takes into account the volume and types of exams performed in the room. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Workload" "The amount of time the beam is on and directed at a particular barrier defines the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Use Factor" "Uncontrolled areas must be shielded to ensure an effective dose limit to the general public of ________ per week. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 20 μSv" "Controlled areas must be shielded to keep exposure under ________ per week. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1 μSv" "Leakage radiation from the x-ray tube housing may not exceed ________ per hour at a distance ________ from the housing. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 1 mGyᵃ
- 1 m" "The protective curtain on a fluoroscopy unit must be ________ lead equivalent. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 0.25 mm" "The bucky slot shield on a fluoroscopy unit must be ________ lead equivalent. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 0.25 mm" "The least scatter radiation is measured at a ________-degree angle from the patient. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 90"
"Scatter-beam intensity at an angle 90-degrees from the patient is ________ the intensity of the primary beam at a distance of ________ meter. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 1/
- 1" "________ dosimeters use aluminum oxide to record dose. - CORRECT ANSWER=> OSL" "An aluminum oxide layer is stimulated by a ________ after the wear period. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Laser Beam" "When aluminum oxide is stimulated by a laser beam, ________ release energy as visible ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Electrons
- Light" "OSL dosimeters can record exposures as low as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 10 μGyᵃ" "OSL dosimeters can be worn for up to ________ at a time. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 3 Months" "OSL dosimeters can be reanalyzed and reused ________ times if necessary. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Multiple" "With OSL dosimeters, exposures below ________ are reported as minimal. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 10 μGyᵃ" "________ dosimeters use lithium fluoride crystals instead of film to record dose. - CORRECT ANSWER=> TLD" "The electrons in lithium fluoride crystals are excited by radiation exposure, and release this information when exposed to ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Heat" "The energy released from lithium fluoride crystals is released as ________, and is measured by a ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Visible Light
- Photomultiplier Tube" "TLD's can measure exposure as low as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 50 μGyᵃ" "TLD's can be worn for longer periods than ________ badges. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Film"
"The ________ is in the x-ray circuit to indicate the voltage that is selected. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Prereading Voltmeter" "The prereading voltmeter is prereading because it indicates the ________ that will be flowing through the tube once the exposure is made. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Kilovoltage" "The prereading voltmeter is placed in the circuit between the ________ and the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Autotransformer
- Step-Up Transformer" "A ________ is used to regulate the duration of the x-ray exposure. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Timer" "The timer is wired in the circuit between the ________ and the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Autotransformer
- Step-Up Transformer" "Electronic timers allow exposures as low as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1 ms or 1/ second." "The ________ provides the safest tube current in the shortest possible time. - CORRECT ANSWER=> mAs Timer" "The mAs timer measures the total ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Tube Current" "The mAs timer is located ________ the secondary coil of the step-up transformer. - CORRECT ANSWER=> After" "The mAs timer is generally used with ________ generators. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Falling Load" "________ is used to provide consistency of radiographic quality. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)" "AEC consists of a flat ________ chamber that is located between the ________ and the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Ionization
- Patient
- Image Receptor"
"AEC uses a ________ kVp, while the machine controls the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Fixed
- mAs" "The shortest exposure time possible with an AEC is ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1 ms or 1/1000 second." "A ________ is a modern generator that takes advantage of extremely short time capabilities and tube heat-loading potential. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Falling Load Generator" "With a falling load generator, the radiographer sets ________ and ________, and the generator calculates the most efficient method of obtaining the required ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) kVp
- mAs
- mAs" "A ________ transformer consists of primary coils and secondary coils. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Step-Up or High-Voltage" "A step-up transformer requires ________ current in order to operate. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Alternating" "The ________ coil of a step-up transformer receives voltage from the autotransformer. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Primary" "Step-up transformers operate on the principle of ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Mutual Induction" "The ________ describes the number of turns in the wire in the primary coil, compared to the number of turns in the wire of the secondary coil. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Turns Ratio" "Turns Ratio Formula (Autotransformer Law): - CORRECT ANSWER=> " "The turns ratio determines how much ________ is stepped-up. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Voltage" "The ________ the turns ratio, the higher the resulting ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Greater
- Kilovoltage"
"Voltage ripple for three-phase, six-pulse is approximately ________%, and the voltage actually used is about ________% of the kVp set. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 13
- 87" "Voltage ripple for three-phase, twelve-pulse is approximately ________%, and the voltage actually used is about ________% of the kVp set. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 4
- 96" "Voltage ripple for high-frequency generators is approximately ________%, and the voltage actually used is about ________% of the kVp set. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 1
- 99" "The mA meter (or milliammeter) measures the ________ in milliamperes. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Tube Current" "The mA meter is wired in the circuit between the ________ and the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Rectifier
- X-Ray Tube" "The filament circuit (or mA control) regulates the number of ________ available at the filament to produce x-rays. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Electrons" "When electrons are boiled off of the filament, it is known as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Thermionic Emission" "The anode is the ________ electrode in the x-ray tube. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Positive" "The cathode is the ________ electrode in the x-ray tube. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Negative" "An anode rotates anywhere from ________ to ________ rpm. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 3300
- 10000" "The target angle of the anode allows for a ________ actual focal spot, while producing a ________ effective focal spot. This effect is known as the ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Larger
- Smaller
- Line Focus Principle"
"The target angle may be ________ to ________ degrees, depending on the tube design. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 7
- 20" "When electrons travel from the cathode to the anode, they travel at up to ________ the speed of ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Half
- Light" "When electrons strike the anode, the kinetic energy converts the electrons into ________ and ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) Heat
- X-Rays" "When striking the anode, the electron conversion to heat is approximately ________%. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 99.8" "When striking the anode, the electron conversion to x-rays is approximately ________%. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 0.2" "________ are a calculation of the total heat produced during an x-ray exposure. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Heat Units" "Heat units for single-phase full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula: - CORRECT ANSWER=> kVp x mAs" "Heat units for three-phase, six-pulse full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula: - CORRECT ANSWER=> kVp x mAs x 1.35" "Heat units for three-phase, twelve-pulse full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula: - CORRECT ANSWER=> kVp x mAs x 1.41" "The x-ray tube for fluoroscopy is operated at ________ to ________ mA. - CORRECT ANSWER=>
- 3
- 5" "kVp and mAs are automatically adjusted during fluoroscopy by a process known as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Automatic Brightness Control (ABC)"
"Total brightness gain ranges from ________ to ________, and decreases as the tube ages. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 5000
- 20000" "A complete program in a radiology department that addresses all aspects of quality, including customer service, image interpretation, accuracy of diagnosis, and distribution of radiologists' reports is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Quality Assurance" "A program that specifically addresses the safe and reliable operation of equipment is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Quality Control" "A quality control program is required by ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> The Joint Commission" "Collimation must be accurate to within ________% of the source-to-image receptor distance. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 2" "The effective focal spot size should be within ________% of the size stated in the equipment specifications. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 50" "kVp must be accurate to within ________% of the kVp indicated. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 10" "The exposure timer should be accurate to within ________% of the time chosen for exposures over 10 ms. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 5" "Adjacent mA stations should be accurate to within ________% of one another. This is known as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 10
- Exposure Linearity" "Radiation intensity of sequential exposures should not vary more than ________%. This is known as ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) 5
- Exposure Reproduceability" "The fluoroscopy exposure rate should be tested with a digital dosimeter, and should not be more than________ per minute. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 100 mGyᵃ" "CR plates should be erased at least every ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 48 Hours"
"CR readers should be calibrated ________. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Annually" "________ comprises of systems for image acquisition, display, network and storage. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS)" "________ is a standard protocol used for blending PACS and various imaging modalities. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)" "________ blends patient care information, reporting and billing. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Hospital Information System (HIS)" "________ is used for ordering procedures and reporting results. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Radiology Information System (RIS)" "________ is a comprehensive collection of patient information stored in a digital format that may be shared across networks. Data may include history, medications, allergies, test results and vital signs. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Electronic Medical Record (EMR)" "The sharpness of the structural edges recorded on the images is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Spacial Resolution" "Spacial resolution may be described as the ________ representation of the part being imaged.
- CORRECT ANSWER=> Geometric" "The highest spacial resolution that can be recorded, and is controlled by pixel pitch, is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Nyquist Frequency" "The amount of radiation striking the image receptor is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Receptor Exposure" "The measurement of the luminance of an area in a radiographic image displayed on a monitor is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Brightness" "The visible difference between any two selected areas of brightness levels within the displayed radiographic images is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Contrast"
