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Aristotle and Social Contract by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, Slides of Political Theory

Presidency UniversityPolitical Theory

Aristotle and Social Contract by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Western and eastern political thoughts notes

Typology: Slides

2020/2021

Uploaded on 05/09/2022

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Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment
(1700-1800)
1500s and 1600s had transformed the way people in
Europe looked at the world.
Scientific successes convinced educated Europeans of
the power of human reason. (Copernicus, Galileo, &
Newton)
–Natural Law, or rules discoverable by reason,
govern scientific forces such as gravity and
magnetism.
Why not then, use natural law to better understand
social, economic, and political problems?
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Download Aristotle and Social Contract by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke and more Slides Political Theory in PDF only on Docsity!

Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment (1700-1800)  1500s and 1600s had transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world.  Scientific successes convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason. (Copernicus, Galileo, & Newton)

  • Natural Law, or rules discoverable by reason, govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism.  Why not then, use natural law to better understand social, economic, and political problems?

As a Result

 Using the methods of the new science,

reformers thus set out to study human

behavior and solve the problems of

society.

 In this way, the Scientific Revolution led

to the Enlightenment because it made

them question…

Thomas Hobbes & John Locke

th century English thinkers  Both set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment.  Both lived through the upheavals of the English Civil War.  Yet, they came to very different conclusions about human nature and the role of government.

Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke

Two Visions of

Government and Rights

AIM: What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke’s view of government?

Student Polls

Do you think people are: Good Bad Should we have: Government State of Nature

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

 Wrote Leviathan – argued that people were “naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.”  Life in the state of nature would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”  To escape that fate, people entered into a social contract – an agreement by which they gave up their freedom for an organized society.  Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.

  • Absolute Monarchy  Didn’t believe in Revolutions

John Locke

 More optimistic than Hobbes – people were basically reasonable and moral.  Natural Rights – or rights that belonged to all humans from birth.

  • The right to Life, Liberty, and Property  Wrote Two Treatises of Government - argued that people formed governments to protect their natural rights & the best kind of government had limited power and was accepted by all citizens.  Rejected Absolute Monarchy  Believed in Natural Rights that come from nature or God  Radical Idea: A government has an obligation to the people it governs. If a government fails its obligation or violates people’s natural rights, the people have the right to overthrow the government!!!  This Idea influenced American Revolutionaries,
  • Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson & James Madison

Locke’s state of nature

 You have natural rights in the state of

nature:

  • Rights to life, health, liberty, and property
  • Right of self-preservation
  • Right to execute the law of nature

 Not a state of war

Natural and social rights

 Rights to life, health, liberty, and property

are natural— you have them in the state of

nature

 You do not give them up in the social

contract

 You can’t give them up they come from

nature

 Slavery would be wrong even if voluntary

Natural vs. Civil Rights

 Locke: “Bottom-up” model

  • Some rights are natural, independent of government
  • Government derives its power from the rights individuals allow the government to control