Download Animal Science 2200 Midterm 1 Study Guide: Questions and Answers and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What is true about animals in art? - ansWe don't always recognize their aesthetic value When and how did the behavior of animals begin to get documented? - ans17000 BC through cave paintings in the Paleolithic period What was the significance of the painting The White Heifer That Traveled? - ansIt puts the animal at the forefront, which represents the value of the animal Who painted The White Heifer That Traveled? - ansThomas Weaver What do Virgil's Ecologues represent? - ansThey represent the pastoral life following Caesar's assassination What does The Nightmare represent? - ansThere are multiple different interpretations, but Peffer's interpretation is that the incubus resting on Anna Landult represents her rejection of the artist and how she regrets it. Who painted The Nightmare? - ansIt was painted by Henry Ruseli What is the significance of The Girl With Chickens? - ansBecame the main reason why art is part of the school curriculum. Who painted The Girl With Chickens? - ansIt was painted by Marcus Mote What is true about the human-animal bond? - ansWe've been forming it for quite some time When did the human-animal bond begin to exist? - ansExisted long before domestication began, although it has been strengthened by domestication How long ago does domestication stretch back? - ansBetween 15,000 and 17,000 years ago What types of animals can bonds be made with? - ansCan be made with a variety of animals, including companion animals and livestock What is there a growing understanding of about the human-animal bond? - ansThat it is mutually beneficial What is true about bonds with animals? - ansThey can improve human health What is true about animals? - ansThey are symbiotic How long has the relationship between humans and animals been cultivated and why? - ansRelationships between humans and other animals is of mutual benefit and has been cultivated for over 1000s of years, especially since domestication. Humans and animals are interdependent on one another What do we get out of animal systems? - ansFood, companionship, fiber, labor, transportation, service/rescue/therapy, entertainment, slaughter by-products, models, research, energy, and financial stability What was the main reason for animals being domesticated? - ansThe need for a steady food source What is lateral transfer? - ansNutrients that are consumed are directly bioavailable. It is more efficient than conversion What is a good example of lateral transfer and why? - ansMeat, because the body can immediately use the nutrients that are in it as soon as it is digested What is conversion? - ansNutrients must be funneled through something else first before they can be utilized in the human body. There is a greater energy loss than with lateral transfer
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What is an example of conversion? - ansGoat eats grass, we drink goat milk, we get nutrients What are horses technically considered? - ansThey are technically considered to be livestock, although many people have them as companion animals What types of fiber can we get from animal products? - ansLeather, wool, cashmere, angora, and feathers How can animals be used for labor? - ansWorking in the field, draft purposes, etc. What subculture often uses animals for labor? - ansThe Amish How and why are animals used for transportation? - ansThey can be used in a horse-and- buggy setup in order to move goods from one location to another What types of animals are common in the service/rescue/therapy occupation? - ansDogs, although there are many different species used for therapy What does the ADA classify dogs as? - ansService animals Why can miniature equids be problematic? - ansSome places do not accept them as service animals What exotic animal is often used as a therapy animal? - ansCapuchin monkeys How can animals be used as entertainment? - ansZoo, movies, TV shows, and the circus What do zoos help to do? - ansThey help with conservation efforts What are some examples of products made from slaughter by-products? - ansBlood meal, bone china, violin strings, and intestines can be used for curing meat What do slaughter by-products help to do? - ansThey help to offset the price that we pay for the products that we do buy and eat How can animal models be used? - ansCan give us knowledge that can be applied to another animal system What is a model? - ansIt is a subset of research What must a product do before it can hit the human market? - ansIt must go through the animal market first How can animals be used for testing human products? - ansIntroduce a chemical compound to an animal cell for testing (usually a rat or a mouse is used). If the test is successful, the chemical is then tested on dogs or primates that are more similar to humans Can animals be used as models for other animals and what is an example? - ansYes. Pigs and dogs have similarities, so a pig can become a model for a dog How can models be used? - ansAfter data is gathered, the data is put into programs that can predict the impact on the environment What is research used for? - ansTo improve human conditions, to improve animal conditions, for understanding how different systems work, and to improve animals' efficiency and/or health How can animals and animal products be used for energy? - ansSome countries use elephants to clear trees instead of machines and some countries still burn dung for light and heat How can animals provide financial stability? - ansPeople can sell animals, and animals can go towards a savings account, since anything can be exchanged for goods and services
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What are some examples of complementary nutrients? - ansVegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds What are plant calories? - ansCarbohydrates Where do meat calories come from? - ansFats in the meat In the US, what percentage of our calories come from animal products? - ans67% of US calories come from animal products In the rest of the world, what percentage of the calories come from animal products? - ans33% of global calories come from animal products Where do the US and a lot of the world get most of their protein? - ansThey get most of their protein from animal products What is a big problem globally and why? - ansProtein malnutrition, because there's a restriction in transporting animal products to places that needs them What is true about the US and animal products? - ansThe US overconsumes animal products How does the use of animal products in the diet have a socioeconomic influence? - ansAs we have more expendable income, we put more money towards food, especially animal products. Education also has an influence on the types of products purchased What percentage of money does the US spend on food annually? - ans10% of money is spent on food What percentage of money do other parts of the world spend on food annually? - ans70% of money is spent on food What happens as there is an increase in money? - ansThere is an increase in meat and dairy products consumed What does more money mean from a population standpoint? - ansMore money means more children in the household, but the relationship between money and animal products consumed still holds true What does increased education lead to the purchase of? - ansHigher quality animal products such as seafood What does decreased education lead to the purchase of? - ansLower quality, lower cost animal products such as processed and ground products What is per capita consumption and how is it determined? - ansIt is an estimate of how much you consume on an annual basis and it is determined through a calculation Annually, how many pounds of chicken per person, per year does the US consume? - ans pounds of chicken Annually, how many pounds of lamb/mutton per person, per year does the US consume? - ans1 pound of lamb/mutton What are estimates based on? - ansAppearance and disappearance (pounds of chicken that enter the market and pounds of chicken that leave the market. This number is then divided by the amount of people in the US based on a census. However, it does not include people not counted and food wasted) What animals are on the market? - ansChicken, pork, goat, turkey, fish, sheep, and veal
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
Why is chicken such a popular meat? - ansIt is cheap, uniform, healthy, and readily available What cuts of meat can rival chicken's leanness, and why aren't they bought as often? - ansPork and beef can be just as lean as chicken, but they are more expensive than chicken What is true about pork? - ansThere are more pounds of pork consumed annually than any other product globally What is true about goat? - ansMore people consume goat than any other product, but not by pounds Annually, how many pounds of turkey per person, per year does the US consume? - ans pounds, but a majority of it is consumed around Thanksgiving, meaning that it is a holiday product. The consumption of turkey has not changed a lot in the past few years Why is fish so expensive? - ansCan't increase wild harvest, even though we farm a lot of salmon. Fish is limited by price What has a direct effect on price? - ansAll products are very regional (Maine-lobster, etc.) What is a lamb? - ansA young sheep What is mutton? - ansOld sheep What is true about the consumption of sheep and why? - ansIt is declining because of lack of knowledge about the product and how to cook it. Lamb is also very expensive and lacks consistency in size What is veal? - ansA young cow, usually between the ages of 3 - 24 weeks of age Where does most veal come from? - ansMale calves from the dairy industry, since they cannot be used for milk What has happened as a result of the controversy surrounding the practices used to raise veal?
- ansMany of the practices have since been stopped What makes the youngest calves so expensive? - ansThey are milk fed When are milk-fed/special-fed calves slaughtered? - ansBetween 20 and 22 weeks What are the benefits of individually crating veal calves? - ansIt leads to individualized care and health How many pounds of fluid milk do people drink per person per year? - ans178 pounds of fluid milk What is an example of gain of function? - ansMany adults can digest milk without upset Why can many adults digest milk without upset? - ansThe enzyme lactase develops during late pregnancy, and most adults continue to use the enzyme past infancy. Adults that can successfully digest milk still have gain of function Why did some cultures lose the enzyme lactase? - ansThey didn't drink milk Where is the US in terms of milk consumption? - ans16th How many pounds of milk did we used to consume per year and why have we decreased since then? - ans300, because people used to drink milk with every meal, instead of just breakfast like most adults now do. There has also been an increase in "plant milks" What is the enzyme lactase necessary for? - ansBreaking down milk sugar (lactose)
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
How can camel milk stay unrefrigerated for so long? - ansIt has an increased concentration of lactoferrin, which is antimicrobial How can media influence the sale of animal products? - ansOprah said that she was never going to eat a hamburger again after having a guest on her show, which led to a steep decline in beef sales. Farmers sued her and lost What risk can come with animal products? - ansE. Coli and salmonella What can economics do to animal products? - ansThey can influence what people buy How does convenience and value drive the animal product market? - ansChicken industry capitalizes on value added products, especially things like dino-shaped chicken nuggets and chicken cordon-bleu How can beliefs influence what animal products people buy? - ansSome spiritual beliefs forbid you from eating one product, but allow you to eat another What is an example of how perceptions can impact the sale of animal products? - ansPeople's perception of veal caused them to not want to buy it Where does wool come from and what percent of textiles does it represent? - ansIt comes from sheep and represents around 5% of textiles What is mohair and what does it come from? - ansIt is a lower-quality fiber that comes from a goat What is cashmere and where does it come from? - ansIt is a higher-quality fiber and it comes from a goat Where does angora come from? - ansIt can come from either rabbits or goats What is true about camel fibers? - ansThey are typically lower quality than other animal fibers Do animal products make a big contribution to the textile industry? - ansNo. Cotton and synthetic products dominate What are differences in textile prices based on and what can prohibit the use of animal fibers?
- ansDifferences in prices are based on availability and quality of the product. Price can prohibit the use of animal fibers What is conservation agriculture? - ansSustainable practices for smallholder farming systems for erosion control, noxious weed control, and pasture management What does conservation agriculture allow? - ansThe use of animals allows use to farms in tight spaces, which is more sustainable What impact does conservation agriculture have on the land? - ansLess impact on land, because roads don't need to be put in since animals can maneuver where machinery can't What is one of the points of conservation agriculture? - ansTry to restore use of animals in sustainable agriculture, especially draft horses and cattle What is true about transportation infrastructure? - ansIt does not always support the use of motorized vehicles In India, how much revenue does public transportation bring in? - ans$3.1 billion in revenue In India, how much revenue does animal-drawn carts bring in? - ans$5 billion in revenue
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
In India, what would the cost of replacing animals be and why? - ansThe cost would be $ billion, because animal transportation is still a vital part of recent communities What is true about the use of animal-drawn carts in India and Africa? - ansIt is increasing. There are over 14 million in India and over 75,000 in Africa What is animal power output equal to? - ansIt is equal to about 20% of their body weight, which is equal to about 1/2 of horsepower What is an example of bioenergy? - ansResearchers at the University of Arkansas converted chicken fat to fuel Where does ethanol come from? - ansEthanol comes from corn What can be used as biodiesel? - ansSoybeans can be used as biodiesel What is biodiesel and what percentage of it can be mixed in? - ansThey are products that we can mix with our petroleum base to extend the fuel. Only around 5 - 10% is mixed in What do you have to make sure that chicken fat doesn't do when it is purified and used as biodiesel? - ansYou have to make sure that it doesn't form soap What is true about research on chicken fat as biodiesel? - ansThere were 1,093 articles in 2016, and now there are over 8,000 articles What is the purpose of research? - ansTo discover how life works, to be a model for humans, to be a model for other animals, and for the advancement of the species itself What does Federal Law require? - ansIt requires that animal testing is conducted before most clinical trials involving humans are allowed What is the process for research testing? - ansChemical target is discovered and is tested in a cell --> if it makes it past, put it in a mouse or a rat --> if it shows promise, it goes to a dog --
if it shows promise with the dog, it goes to a primate What fraction of Nobel Prizes have been awarded to studies that use animals in their research and what are examples of these experiments? - ans2/3 of Nobel Prizes, genetic studies on mice instead of plants, cornea transplant in humans after studying it in rabbits, discovery of insulin in dogs, studied the pancreas of cattle, purified the insulin, and put it into the human population for diabetes What animal did scientists learn about anemia from? - ansScientists learned about anemia from dogs What is anemia caused by? - ansThe absence of the vitamin B What animal did scientists learn about dialysis from? - ansThey learned about dialysis from pigs and primates What animal did scientists learn about polio from? - ansThey learned about polio from pigs and primates What animal did scientists learn about cardiac pacemakers, artificial heart valves, and heart transplants from? - ansDogs. The studies were done to benefit humans, but the practices are used in dogs now as well What animal did scientists learn about CAT scans from? - ansThey learned about CAT scans from pigs
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What percentage of dogs are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans7% are dogs What percentage of pigs are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans6% are pigs What percentage of other farm animals are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans5% are other farm animals What percentage of rabbits are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans20% are rabbits What percentage of non-human primates are used for research that are covered by the AWA?
- ans7% are non-human primates What percentage of hamsters are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans14% are hamsters What percentage of guinea pigs are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans21% are guinea pigs What percentage of other animals are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans20% are other animals, including cats, although they are not often used for research When did research labs begin phasing out chimpanzee research and how many permits were requested last year? - ansBegan phasing it out in 2013, and there were no new permit requests last year What types of non-human primates are used for research purposes? - ansChimpanzees, Macaques, Bonobos, and Long-Tailed Monkeys What is true about all non-human primates used for research? - ansThey are all bred in captivity What does the AWA cover and what doesn't it cover? - ansCovers any warm-blooded animal, living or dead, in research, exhibition, and teaching. Doesn't cover animals used for food, fiber, or agriculture What are rats and mice that are used for biomedical research covered under and why aren't they covered under the AWA? - ansThey are covered under Public Health Services. It would be redundant for them to be covered by both Why are so many animals used for research purposes? - ans-Need the variety because animals function differently
- Animals aren't a direct match for humans
- No animal can fully capture the human condition
- Use multiple animals to get a more complete picture (For example, chickens can develop ovarian cancer naturally. Have to induce it in other animals) What percentage of other research does animal use contribute to? - ans32% of other research What percentage of education research does animal use contribute to? - ans1% of education What percentage of drug research does animal use contribute to? - ans23% of drug research (majority) What percentage of heart research does animal use contribute to? - ans2% of heart research
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What percentage of cancer research does animal use contribute to? - ans12% of cancer research, although this is probably increasing in recent years What percentage of vaccines/biology research does animal use contribute to? - ans19% of vaccines/biology research What percentage of toxicity research does animal use contribute to? - ans9% of toxicity research What is required in order to be able to get approval for using animals for research purposes? - ansMust get prior approval for using animals for research purposes What medical milestones did chickens help bring about and when? - ans-Vitamin K Discovered - 1940s
- Process of Vision - 1960s
- Hormonal Cancer Treatment - 1960s
- 1st Molecularly Targeted Cancer Drug - 2001
- Ovarian Cancer Model What medical milestones did pigs help bring about and when? - ans-CAT Scans - 1970s
- Advancement in Organ Transplants - 1980s
- Laproscopic Surgery - 1990s
- Diabetic Model for Heart Disease - 2001 What medical milestones did sheep help bring about and when? - ans-Treatment for Anthrax 1900s
- Hip Replacement Surgery - 1950s
- Advancements In Organ Transplant - 1980s
- Fetal Programming What medical milestones did horses help bring about and when? - ans-Mechanisms of Immunity Discovered - 1900s
- Prevention of Tetanus - 1930s
- Diabetic Model What medical milestones did cows help bring about and when? - ans-Treatment for Smallpox
- 1900s
- Replacement Heart Valves - 1 950s
- Advancements in Organ Transplants - 1980s What can pigs and cattle supply to humans? - ansThey can supply heart valves for humans because they have similarly sized heart valves When is there less concern with xenotransplantation? - ansLess concern when using organs that lack a blood supply What are the things to consider with synthetic organs? - ansMore rigid, potential complications, but longer life expectancy What are the things to consider with natural organs? - ansShorter life expectancy than synthetic, can be rejected
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
- Shaped through genetics, interaction with environment, and social environment of the animal What does domestication involve and what are the two types of involvement? - ansInvolves human involvement. When we first started, we had no idea that we were shaping animals, which was unconscious involvement. When we discovered that we were shaping them, we began deliberately becoming involved with them What is Darwin's Evolution Theory? - ansLiving organisms are constantly evolving, due in particular to the phenomenon of natural selection. Within one species, the individuals that are best adapted to their environment reproduce in greater numbers than the other What is true about a theory? - ansIt is not fact, but it incorporates fact. It is based on hypotheses that were either tested and confirmed or tested and refuted What is true about animals in terms of evolution? - ansThey are always changing, but it can be hard to predict how they will change Who did Darwin beat to the publishing industry? - ansHe beat Alfred Wallace. They had the same ideas, but Wallace is less famous because he didn't publish his thoughts Why is the theory of evolution controversial? - ansIt opposes individuals' beliefs (especially religious ones) on how life began/the origin of life What did Darwin's Tree of Life include? - ansClaims that Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes evolved from a single organism, and then eukaryotes continued to evolve into the animals and beings that we have today What supports the Tree of Life theory and what are some examples of this? - ansConservation in body plans support the theory. Segmentation is present in the spines of humans and the bodies of insects. There are some of the same enzymes in both yeast and humans What is descent with modification and what does it get away with? - ansIt is basically the claim that genes from organisms get modified throughout generations and that the environment shapes the prevalence of those genes. It gets away with some of the controversial aspects of the Tree of Life What are the fundamental principles of evolution? - ans-There exists variation within systems in terms of genetic differences and morphological diversity
- Species can be selected for traits in the creation of new variations
- All species reproduce under food availability and suitable habitat
- Species success is dependent on optimum conditions What leads to mutations? - ansWhen mistakes occur in the copying of genes, especially those of germ cells, a mutation can occur How many zygote mutations are there? - ansThere are 128 zygote mutations Can somatic cells pass on mutations? - ansNo, somatic cells cannot pass on mutations Why can animals evolve and survive? - ansThey are flexible and able to change over time and space
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What is an example of how species can be selected for their traits in the creation of new variations? - ansNatural selection What does natural selection work with? - ansIt works with existing traits What is an example of natural selection? - ansThe Galapagos Finches beaks' changed slowly over time according to their diet How many breeds of Galapagos Finches are there? - ansThere are 14 breeds of Galapagos Finches What is an animal's number one instinct? - ansThe number one instinct is for food and a safe environment What is an animal's second instinct? - ansThe secondary drive is to reproduce What do mutations allow species to do? - ansThey allow species to survive differently in different environments What is true about bigger animals? - ansThey are more likely to spread their genetics and traits When did the first horse appear in the US? - ansFirst horse appeared in the US 65 million years ago What was the first horse called and how big was it? - ansIt was called eohippus and was said to be the size of a cocker spaniel, although it is now known to have been bigger than that How many toes did the eohippus have and why? - ansIt had 5 toes to help displace its weight in the swamp-like land that used to make up the US What are vestigial organs and what are some examples? - ansThey are adaptations that were once useful but are no longer needed, such as the appendix or ostrich wings How did the eohippus evolve when the US environment changed? - ansIt resulted in a more stable hindgut, teeth began to change to allow the horse to eat grass, the neck and legs lengthened, and the eyes became more side-facing Where are horses unable to see? - ansThey are unable to see directly in front of them or directly behind them, but they don't need to turn their heads to see peripherals What are the mechanisms of evolutionary change? - ans-Genetic Variation underscores evolution
- Error can occur when cells replicate and can travel to germ cells
- Natural Selection
- Genetic Drift
- Has to be an environment for animal to survive long enough to reproduce
- Somatic cells can have mutations, but they won't be transferred throughout generations How can gene flow/migration underscore genetic variation? - ans-Populations become reintroduced and exposed to each other
- A population in isolation has its own genetics (For example, when two isolated populations are mixed, the genetics are mixed) What cells can pass on mutations? - ansGerm cells can pass on mutations
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What is the difference between a domesticated environment and an evolutionary environment? - ansWith domestication, the environment is a social one, where an evolution environment was based on survival What are markers of domestication? - ansMarkers of domestication are features that domesticated animals share regardless of species What are some examples of markers of domestication? - ans-Floppy ears in domesticated environment (Erect ears are needed in the wild)
- White head spotting
- Short snouts
- Softened, shorter, and rounder faces, (traces back to neoteny)
- Juvenile traits remain due to delay in development
- Playful, youthful look even as they grow into adults
- Curled tails in pigs
- Changes in size (both bigger and smaller, depending on the animal)
- Coat color (becomes very diverse) Were markers of domestication instant changes? - ansNo, they changed over thousands of years What are the two theories of domestication? - ansMultiple genes and a gradual movement towards tameness and a single master gene What were the characteristics of the multiple genes theory? - ansThought to have occurred over thousands of years, and changes would have to occur the exact same way across all animal systems Why is the multiple gene theory not as plausible as the master gene theory? - ansIt is not likely that all genes were changed the same way in different environments at different times, since animals would have had to undergo the exact same environmental exposure and events for it to be true. Genes can be random and hard to predict, making this theory implausible What are the characteristics of the single master gene theory? - ansOne gene controls all other genes (heads, ears, tails, etc.) Only need to affect one thing to change all of the genes in the same ways. Multiple genes are responsible for face shape, color, etc., but are turned on or off by the master gene Why is the master gene theory the more plausible of the two theories? - ansIt would be easier for a single master gene to make identical changes than it would be for multiple genes to mutate exactly the same way across species What affects the master gene, and what does this affect in turn? - ansInteractions with humans is shared throughout all species and is thought to affect the master gene, which in turn affects docility and tameness What is neoteny? - ansIt is the delay in growth and maturation that results in the retention of juvenile features, playfulness, a younger look, and a cuter appearance
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What were the farm fox experiments? - ansSomeone used silver foxes, which are normally used for their fur, to test if social interactions with a human was enough to turn on the master gene for docility How did the person running the farm fox experiment choose which foxes to use? - ansHe looked to see which foxes would take food out of a human hand and then bred those foxes for their docility What did the farm fox experiment show? - ansOf the foxes that would eat out of a human hand, only 10% showed signs of domestication other than docility, although many of the foxes chosen showed signs of playful behavior and changes in coat color What can make domestication take longer? - ansDomestication takes a long time, and some animals resist it. Others have traits from evolution that allow them to be domesticated more easily What is true about major species? - ansMajor species have a global impact What is true about minor species? - ansThey have a local impact What percentage of birds have undergone domestication? - ansLess than 1% of birds What percentage of large hooved animals are domesticated? - ansLess than 10% of large hooved animals What types of fish show signs of domestication, and why is it difficult to classify fish as wild or domesticated? - ansKoi and carp show some markers of domestication, but it is hard to say for sure whether they are domesticated because domestication in fish is not clearly defined What are some major species? - ansPigs, cows, goats, horses, sheep What are some minor species? - ansCamels, llamas, alpacas, reindeer, donkeys, and yaks What type of animals are easier to sustain? - ansAnimals that are omnivorous are easier to sustain than carnivores What is true about a cat? - ansIt doesn't show a lot of behavioral signs of domestication, although it is considered to be domesticated What are some social behaviors that support domestication success? - ans-Large social groups with a hierarchy structure
- Promiscuous mating with male dominance (Animals that don't mate for life are more likely to be domesticated)
- Signal reproductive readiness through postures (Allow us to breed in captivity)
- Precocial young
- Short flight distance and low reactivity to humans
- Herbivorous or omnivorous
- Low stress response to confinement (good for animals that are in captivity) What does precocial mean? - ans-Very mature at birth
- Able to stand/flee within hours of birth What is flight distance? - ans-Personal space
- How close something can get to you before you flee
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
In what ways was domestication goal oriented? - ansThe original purpose of domesticating animals was to use them for food. Humans were involved and have a purpose for seeking animals out. At first, it was an unconscious event, but now it is a conscious one How does domestication increase reproductive ability? - ansIt increases the number of animals weaned, since mortality is high in unweaned animals in the wild. Also, domesticated animals have larger litter sizes and greater reproductive success, since humans give them an environment where is is easy for them to do well How does domestication bring out the atrophy of certain organs and what's an example? - ansDomesticated animals weren't using features that they used in the wild. Some animals lost specific genes, but some had specific organ systems atrophy. The biggest example is the brain. There was a reduction in brain size to body size in both domesticated mink and pigs when compared to their wild counterparts How does domestication enable animals to achieve greater plasticity? - ansAnimals are adaptable, and they were able to survive in a domestic environment and therefore were able to breed How was domestication facilitated by the subjugation to man? - ansRelates back to the hierarchy and allows animal to become less aggressive What does subjugation mean? - ansIt means to be under the control of humans What is true about genetic changes? - ansGenetic changes lead to physiological changes in an animal and those changes are passed down from generation to generation What does tame mean and what can happen to tame animals as they age? - ansTame means that animal is okay around humans and usually occurs when the animals is young. As the animal ages, they can become aggressive, especially around reproductive age What does feral mean? - ansFeral refers to an animal that was once domesticated that has now returned to its wild state What is one of the most common animals to return to a feral state after interacting with a wild environment and in how many states are they found? - ansPigs are one of the most common animals to return to a feral state after interacting with a wild environment Why can cats return to a feral state within one generation? - ansCats are loners and are territorial, making it easier for them to return to their feral states Where can feral horses be found? - ansWild mustangs can be found on the outer bank and the east coast How long does it take dogs to return to their feral states? - ansIt takes longer than other animals like cats because dogs are so suitable to domestication Where can feral chicken and other poultry be found? - ansFeral chickens can be found in South America Where can feral sheep be found? - ansFeral sheep can be found in Scotland Where can feral cattle be found? - ansFeral cattle can be found in Hawaii What helps to determine how long it takes for an animal to return to a feral state? - ansThe species of the animal helps to determine how long it takes to return to a feral state
Answers (Ohio State University, 2024)
comprehensive Q&A-based review for Midterm 1 of Animal Science 2200 at
Ohio State University. It covers a wide range of topics including the history
and role of animals in art, the evolution of the human-animal bond,
domestication processes, animal products and their uses, global consumption
trends, behavioural science, research ethics, and animal welfare. With
detailed and factual answers, it serves as a thorough and structured resource
for mastering the course material and preparing for assessments.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
What does wild mean? - ansWild refers to an animal that is not domesticated What is arguably the most consequential event in human history? - ansThe exercise of dominion over plants and animals is arguably the most consequential event in human history What can help to shed light on the when and where of domestication? - ansAnimal bone and stone carvings can sometimes shed light on the when and where of domestication How can a tiger be used as an example of domestication? - ansA tiger cub fed by hand may grow up to treat humans like family, but the tiger's offspring will be just as wild as their ancestors What do humans rely on domesticated animals for? - ansFood, wool, fiber, feathers, hides, slaughter by-products, models, research, energy/fuel, companionship, entertainment, service, and transportation What are the exceptions to animals that were domesticated for food? - ansChicken were originally used for cock-fighting, but horses were originally domesticated for food, then for riding What animal was domesticated in 1930 for research? - ansThe Golden Syrian Hamster was domesticated for research in 1930 What did domestication first begin with and what did it move to? - ansDomestication first began with plants but then moved to animal systems after the first Ice Age, mostly due to climate change When were most humans hunter-gatherers and why? - ansMost were farmers in 8000 BC (Holocene) and were a benefit of agrarian society Why did many different domestication events happen at the same time in different places? - ansThis happened due to changes in the environment worldwide What does the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of domestication mark? - ansMarks the transition from hunter-gather into agrarian societies What happened when the population rapidly increased? - ansMigration with animals was not capable, and it became harder to move with the hunted animals as the population grew. As a result, we started keeping animals near us How did hunting become unsustainable? - ansThere were a large number of people hunting animals, meaning that humans had to begin traveling farther and farther to hunt, since animals were no longer near us What resource besides animals led us to keep animals near us? - ansThe areas we were in weren't meeting the wood demand What did water resources lead to? - ansLed to an increase in community living and keeping animals near us so that we would have a ready supply of animals How did humans originally unintentionally domesticate animals? - ansHumans imposed restriction of animal movement, which led to control over animals in the wild How did humans gain control over captive wild animals? - ansHumans began to capture and rear young animals, while slaughtering the mature male animals. Males were slaughtered once mature to control aggression
