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The study of anatomy on a macroscopic scale - Answer- Define: Gross anatomy The study of tissues - Answer- Define: Histology
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous - Answer- What are the four types of tissues? Subcellular anatomy - Answer- What is another term for cell biology? The study of FUNCTION of the body - Answer- Define: Physiology
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen - Answer- What are the primary elements that make up the body?
- Lipids
- Protein
- Carbs
- Nucleic Acids - Answer- What are the four basic macromolecules that make up the body? Secretions are deposited into DUCTS and act on targeted areas - Answer- Define: Exocrine Signalers are secreted into the BLOOD and act all throughout the body - Answer- Define: Endocrine Hormones are secreted in the IMMEDIATE VISCINITY and act on nearby cells - Answer- Define: Paracrine 120/80 - Answer- What is the average human's blood pressure?
TAMU BIOL 319 FINAL TEST COHN
Questions with 100% Correct Solutions
The study of STRUCTURE of the body - Answer- Define: Anatomy
Systolic pressure; pressure of blood moving through the arm during the heart's CONTRACTION phase - Answer- The numinator in a blood pressure measurement is Diastolic pressure; pressure of blood moving through the arm during the heart's RELAXATION phase - Answer- The denominator in a blood pressure measurement is
- Waste
- Oxygen
- Hormones
- Nutrients - Answer- What four major things does the blood transport? Urea and CO2 - Answer- Nitrogenous waste is comprised of. Protein breakdown - Answer- Urea is generated by the process of. Glycolysis - Answer- CO2 is derived from. Endocrine - Answer- Hormones are released from glands. They change the physiology of the cells to increase or decrease a particular function - Answer- How do hormones interact with their target cells? Articulation - Answer- What is another word for a joint? The skeleton provides the scaffolding while the muscle provides the locomotion - Answer- What is the relationship between muscle and the skeleton? Bone - Answer- The CNS is encased by. Calcium and phosphate - Answer- Bone is primarily comprised of what elements. 2+ - Answer- What is the charge on calcium in the body? 3 - - Answer- What's the charge of phosphate in the body? True - Answer- T/F: Every muscle in the body is directly or indirectly attached to the skeletal system. Muscular system - Answer- What is the heaviest organ system in the body? Skeletal muscle - Answer- Another name for striated muscle is.
- Provide movement
- Produce heat - Answer- What are the two main function of skeletal muscle? called and reflects. called and reflects.
The thymus - Answer- Interstitial fluid from all around the body is directed to what specific organ? Lymph - Answer- is the name of the interstitial fluid that leaches out of the circulatory system and is reabsorbed into the lymphatic system. Skeletal muscle - Answer- What acts as the pump for the lymphatic system? lymphatic - Answer- The system absorbs fats from the intestines and delivers it to the circulatory system Lymph circulates through lymph nodes and various organs where white blood cells are stationed. WBC screen the fluid for viruses, bacteria, cancer, and other contaminants - Answer- What is the relationship between the lymphatic system and the immune system? 3 - 4 hundred million - Answer- Each lung contains approximately individual alveoli. Different concentrations of CO2 and O2 in the body and atmosphere - Answer- What drives gas exchange in the alveoli? Electrolyte - Answer- pH balance is directly correlated to balance. Urinary - Answer- The renal system is a subsystem of the system. Store and release urine - Answer- What is the primary function(s) of the bladder? Endocrine - Answer- The ovaries and testes are type glands. Surface - Answer- Exocrine glands tend to move secretions to what area(s) of the body? Sagittal Plane - Answer- What is this plane? Frontal plane - Answer- What is this plane? Transverse plane - Answer- What is this plane? Median - Answer- The sagittal plane is also known as the plane. Parasagittal - Answer- If not centered in the body, the sagittal plane is referred to as the plane. Coronal - Answer- The frontal plane is also known as the plane.
Horizontal - Answer- The transverse plane is also known as the plane. The cephalic region - Answer- This region is referred to as the. The upper half of the body - Answer- The superior region encompasses. The lower half of the body - Answer- The inferior region encompasses. Caudal - Answer- Another word that means inferior is. Cranial - Answer- Another word that means superior is. Space between the pelvis and the genital region - Answer- The inguinal region encompasses. The chin - Answer- The mental region encompasses. The armpit - Answer- The axillary region encompasses. The thumb - Answer- What is the colloquial term for the pollux?
- Esophagus
- Heart
- Trachea
- Thymus - Answer- The mediastium is comprised of what organs? The lungs - Answer- What fills the pleural cavity? Thymus - Answer- T cells mature in what organ?
- Bladder
- Uterus
- Testes
- Prostate - Answer- The pelvic cavity is filled with what organs The heart - Answer- The pericardium surrounds. The lungs - Answer- The plurae surround. The intestines - Answer- The peritoneum surrounds. Two - Answer- Serous membranes are comprised of layers. Close to the organ - Answer- The visceral membrane is located. Reduce friction between layers - Answer- What is the purpose of serous fluid?
Epidermis; dermis - Answer- The has no vasculature while the is Cutaneous = Epidermis - Answer- What are the cutaneous and subcutaneous layers? Hypodermis - Answer- Estrogen promotes a thicker. The dermis - Answer- Associated structures of the integumentary system are located in which layer? Follicle - Answer- What are the "pots" that hairs grow in? very highly vascularized. Epidermis - Answer- Which layer of the skin lacks nerves? Basement membrane - Answer- What is the name of the border between the epidermis and the dermis? Arterioles and venules - Answer- What specific types of vasculature are located in the dermis? The hypodermis - Answer- What layer below the integument allows the skin to roll over its underlying structures? False - Answer- T/F: The hypodermis is part of the integumentary system Skeletal muscle - Answer- What muscle is multinucleated? Smooth muscle - Answer- What type of muscle is fusiform in shape? Smooth muscle - Answer- What muscle is controlled by both electrical stimulation AND hormones? Cylindrical - Answer- Cardiac muscle cells' shape is described as. Aggregates of membrane protein that bind cardiac cells to one another - Answer- Define: Intercalated disks Allow for rhythmic contraction - Answer- What is the function of intercalated disks? Controls the pacemaker in the heart, causing the heartbeat to slow - Answer- How does the vagus nerve work on the heart? Allow electrical signals to propogate - Answer- What is the function of gap junctions? Muscle cell - Answer- What is another name for a muscle fiber?
False: it reacts to chemical, mechanical, and electrical stimuli - Answer- T/F: Skeletal muscle only responds to electrical stimuli
- Contractile
- Extensible
- Elastic - Answer- What are three physical characteristics of skeletal muscle wrt to it's range of motion. Cytoplasm of muscle cells - Answer- Define: Sarcoplasm Cell membrane of muscle cells - Answer- Define: Sarcolemma Plasmolemma - Answer- What is another name for the sarcolemma? Smooth ER of muscle cells - Answer- Define: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Muscle fibers - Answer- Fascicles are comprised of. True - Answer- T/F: Skeletal muscle cannot undergo mitosis Myoblasts fuse during the embryonic stage; this is also why skeletal muscle is multinucleated - Answer- Describe how skeletal muscles form Muscle fibers grow in length and size, but do not multiply - Answer- Describe how skeletal muscle gains mass. Muscle stem cells that remain peppered throughout mature skeletal muscle; activate if there is significant damage to muscle tissue - Answer- Define: Myoblast Packets of stored glycogen; found in muscle cells - Answer- Define: Glycosome Oxygen storing pigment in muscle cells - Answer- Define: Myoglobin Myoglobin only possesses one heme group while hemoglobin possesses 4 - Answer- What's the major difference between myglobin and hemoglobin Myoglobin - Answer- Between hemoglobin and myoglobin, which has a higher affinity for oxygen? Dense irregular connective tissue located between the hypodermis and muscle - Answer- Define: superficial fascia of muscle Between muscle groups - Answer- Where is deep fascia located in muscle tissue? The epimysium - Answer- A muscle group is covered with a layer called.
Electrical impulse causes acetylcholine (mechanical) to be released which causes the muscle to contract. - Answer- Explain electromechanical coupling wrt to muscle contraction and signaling. Outside = + Charge Inside = - Charge - Answer- What are the charges inside and outside the cell membrane of neurons? Na is kept outside the cell and K is kept inside the cell - Answer- Where do muscle cells keep Na and K in the resting position? Electrogenic - Answer- Sodium-potassium pumps are type pumps. 1 molecule of ATP is hydrolyzed to yield 1 pump cycle where Na are sent out of cell and 2 K are brought in. - Answer- Describe how ATP is used in sodium-potassium pumps. Positive - Answer- Sodium-potassium pumps generate a charge outside of the cell. Potassium - Answer- What element is allowed to leak the most in muscle cells? Allows for current - Answer- What is the purpose of potassium leak channels? False: Potassium leaks back into the cell because of the presence of Pr- compounds. - Answer- T/F: Potassium only leaks out of the cell as it moves down the concentration gradient 100 m/s - Answer- What is the speed at which nerve impulses travel? Calcium moves into the synapse - Answer- An action potential has what effect on calcium in a nerve cell? Triggers the release of ACh into the synaptic cleft - Answer- What effect does calcium have when it is released? Ligand gated Na channels. - Answer- ACh acts as a key for. Na moves into the cell - Answer- What happens after ACh binds to ligand gated Na channels? More positive - Answer- After Na moves into the cell, the charge inside the cell becomes . I band - Answer- During contraction, the seems to disappear.
The act of Na moving into the cell, causing it to become more positive inside the cell - Answer- Define: Depolarization Acetylcholinesterase - Answer- What enzyme is responsible for the cleavage of ACh into acetate and choline? Acetate and Choline - Answer- Acetylcholinesterase breaks ACh into and . Ligand gated sodium channels to close - Answer- The breakdown of ACh causes . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - Answer- How does nerve gas work? Depolarization phase - Answer- What does this section of the graph represent? Repolarization phase - Answer- What does this section of the graph represent? Hyperpolarization - Answer- What does this section of the graph represent? 55 mV - Answer- At what voltage is the critical threshold? 0.5 ms - Answer- How long does depolarization take? Postitive - Answer- Voltage gated sodium channels remain open until the charge within the cell is. Votlage gated Na channels - Answer- During depolarization, which channel(s) open? Voltage gated K channels - Answer- During repolarization, which channel(s) open? Positive - Answer- Voltage gated K channels are open when the charge within the cell is . Invagination of the cell membrane - Answer- Anatomically speaking, what is a T tubule? To conduct action potentials from the cell membrane to filaments. - Answer- What is the purpose of T tubules? Transverse tubule - Answer- What is the full name of T tubules? Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Answer- T tubules pass between the. Calcium - Answer- The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores.
ATP - Answer- Calcium pumps require to function. False: Increased nerve impulses results in TWITCHES bleeding into one another, resulting in increased and prolonged muscle contraction - Answer- T/F: Increased nerve impulses cause the action potentials to bleed into one another, resulting in increased and prolonged muscle contraction. Smaller ones - Answer- Which motor units are activated first? Activation of progressively larger muscle units that increases the degree of muscle tension. - Answer- Define: Recruitment Tension of the muscle changes, but it's length remains the same - Answer- Define: Isometric contraction Tension of the muscle changes as does it's length - Answer- Define: Isotonic contraction
- 1 GLUCOSE
- 2 PYRUVATE .
- Slow twitch oxidative
- Low [glycogen]
- Endurance and posture - Answer- Describe Type I muscle fibers
- Fast twitch glycolytic/oxidative
- High anaerobic
- Medium aerobic
- High [glycogen] - Answer- Describe Type IIA muscle fibers
- VERY high anaerobic capacity
- Low aerobic capactiy
- Low fatigue resistance
- Few mitochondria
- Rapid, intense movement - Answer- Describe Type IIB muscle fibers Oxidative intense fibers (Type I and IIA) - Answer- Myoglobin is heavily concentrated in muscle fibers The cytoplasm - Answer- Glycolysis occurs in.
- 2 ATP - Answer- During the process of glycolosis, 1 and 2 yield Out of; into - Answer- Voltage activated Ca channels move calcium the SR and Ca pumps move calcium the SR.
Oxidative intense fibers (Type I and IIA) - Answer- Capillaries are most needed by type fibers. Set of proteins (different isoforms) that have varying degrees of speed in hydrolyzing ATP - Answer- Define: Myosin ATPase Faster twitch - Answer- Faster myosin ATPase means. Anaerobic fibers (Type 11B) - Answer- Which fibers require a high concentration of glycogen? Higher concentration of myoglobin - Answer- What causes some muscles to be darker than others? Endurance - Answer- Muscles that are darker (more myosin) are better for. Slow twitch fibers - Answer- Marathon runners have more type fibers. Fast twitch fibers stay small, slow twitch fibers gain a lot of mass - Answer- Which type of muscle fibers get large and which ones stay small? They don't require as much surface area since they don't require as much oxygen to function. - Answer- Why can fast twitch (glycolytic) fibers get large? Randomly; fishnet - Answer- The filaments of smooth muscle cells are arranged and resemble. Their thick and thin filaments are not arranged in register - Answer- Why are smooth muscles so good at stretching? Stimulation causes the release of Ca into the cytoplasm of a cell FROM OUTSIDE THE CELL. This causes additional Ca to be released into the cytoplasm FROM WITHIN THE CELL. - Answer- Explain calcium induced calcium release as it occurs in smooth muscle. Calmodulin - Answer- What replaces troponin in smooth muscle?
- Allows thick and thin filaments to slide past one another like in skeletal muscle
- Can lock thick and thin filaments in place without expending energy to hold them there
- Answer- What are the similarities and differences between calmodulin and troponin? Smooth muscle is slower and less powerful - Answer- How do skeletal and smooth muscle compare wrt speed and power? CNS - Answer- Almost all nerves (by volume) are located in the.
True - Answer- T/F: The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems tend to be inversely active Axon hillock - Answer- The trigger zone is located in the. Multipolar neurons - Answer- What type of neuron is the most common? Dendritic endings - Answer- Multipolar neurons have many. Many - Answer- Multipolar cells can receive information from (one/many) cells. Sensations at the surface of the body - Answer- Unipolar neurons are most involved in receiving information from what region(s) of the body? One axon and one dendrite with a swollen cell body between the two - Answer- What is the anatomy of bi-polar neurons? Retina and olfactory functions - Answer- Bipolar nerves are primarily found in . Depolarization - Answer- If you give a cell a + shock, what occurs? Hyperpolarization - Answer- If you give a cell a - shock, what occurs? Threshold potential requires a minimum stimulus level while graded potentials respond to increasing larger stimuli with increasingly larger potentials. - Answer- What's the difference between graded and threshold potentials? False: Only graded potentials die out locally - Answer- T/F: Both graded and threshold potentials die out locally. Nodes of ranvier - Answer- Where along a myelinated axon are voltage gated channels positioned? Fat - Answer- (skinny/fat) axons transmit action potentials faster.
- Fatter axons
- Myelination - Answer- What are the two ways you can speed up an action potential? Axo-dendritic and axo-somatic - Answer- What are the two types of neuron-neuron communication? True - Answer- T/F: Graded potentials CAN summate Inhibitory post- synaptic potential; Excitatory post- synaptic potential - Answer- What does IPSP and EPSP stand for respectively?
potentials. Depolarizing; excitatory - Answer- Sodium is a (depolarizing/hyperpolarizing) ion and has a(n) (excitatory/inhibitory) effect. Hyperpolarizing; inhibitory - Answer- Chloride is a (depolarizing/hyperpolarizing) ion and has a(n) (excitatory/inhibitory) effect. False: It can even receive excitatory and inhibitory signals at the same time - Answer- T/F: A neuron can only receive excitatory OR inhibitory signals. Spacially and temporally - Answer- Summation can occur both and .
- Multiple pre-synaptic axons acting at the same time
- pre-synaptic axons position to the axon hillock - Answer- What are the two ways summation is effected spacially? A pre-synaptic axon acting repeatedly so that its signals reach the trigger zone in close enough succession - Answer- Describe how summation is affected temporally. IPSP - Answer- Anions acts as (IPSP/EPSP) neurotransmitters. EPSP - Answer- Cations acts as (IPSP/EPSP) neurotransmitters. True - Answer- T/F: ACh is always involved at neuromuscular juncitons
- Inhibitory
- Causes Cl- to be released
- Derived from butamate - Answer- Describe the major characteristics of GABA Memory and learning - Answer- ACh is highly correlated to (psychological function). ACh - Answer- Alzheimer is correlated to an inability to generate/use.
- Derived from tyrosine
- Mood regulation - Answer- What is the function of norepinephrine and what is it derived from? Tryptophan - Answer- From what is seratonin derived? Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - Answer- is used to combat Alzheimers. Graded - Answer- IPSPs and EPSPs are specific to (type) action
Personality, intellect, emotion, morality - Answer- What roles are the cortex associated with? Brain mapping - Answer- Harvey Cushing is responsible for.
- Prefrontal area
- Premotor cortex
- Primary motor cortex - Answer- What areas of the brain are located ventral to the central sulcus?
- Primary somatic sensory area
- Somatic association area
- Visual association area
- Visual cortex - Answer- What areas of the brain are located posterior to the central sulcus? Cerebellum - Answer- monitors stretch receptors in muscles. The premotor area - Answer- Which motor related section of the brain is in direct contact with the cerebellum The post central gyrus - Answer- What is another name for the primary somatic sensory region of the brain? The post central gyrus - Answer- What area of the brain is responsible for reception and low level interpretation of surface sensations of the body? The somatic sensory association area - Answer- What area of the brain is responsible for interpreting surface sensations of the body by matching it with past experiences? Brocca's and Wernike's areas - Answer- Which major regions are lateralized in the brain? Controls muscles of the throat and mouth that deal with speech production. - Answer- What is the role of Brocca's area? Acts as the brain's "working dictionary" by allowing the individual to think words and understand speech - Answer- What is the role of Wernike's area? Visual cortex - Answer- What area of the brain acts as the "screen" for the rest of the brain? Interpret and understand information from the visual cortex. - Answer- What is the role of the visual association area?
- Interpret taste
- Produces "here and now" feelings - Answer- What are the roles of the insula? Olfactory blub - Answer- Where are the impulses generated by bipolar olfactory nerves first processed? Olfaction ONLY - Answer- What sense(s) bypass the thalmus? Provide friction - Answer- What is the primary purpose of papillae on the tongue? Foliate papillae - Answer- are tongue papillae that contain tastebuds False: They are quasi nerve cells - Answer- T/F: Taste receptor are nerves Vitreous humor - Answer- Most of the eye's volume is comprised of. This, clear membrane that covers the ventral portion of the eye - Answer- Define: Conjunctiva
- Ultra clear
- Lots of pain receptors
- No blood; nutrients from tears
- focuses light on retina - Answer- Describe the anatomy of the cornea Iris - Answer- The controls the diameter of the pupil Suspensory ligaments - Answer- place tension on the lens, causing it to change shape. Tunics - Answer- The are the layers located behind the retina that are highly vascularized.
- Tough, white, fibrous external layer of eye
- Surrounds entire exterior except the iris - Answer- Describe the anatomy of the sclera 380 - 750 nm - Answer- What is the range of frequencies of light the eye can detect? Light sensitive but can't detect color - Answer- What are the visual abilities and disabilities of rods? Detect color but bad in low light conditions - Answer- What are the visual abilities and disabilities of cones? When rods are overstimulated by light, they "go to sleep" and the cones take over - Answer- What is the process by which cones become active and rods go dormant?
