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An in-depth exploration of the anatomy and physiology of the ear, covering the external, middle, and inner ear, as well as the central auditory nervous system. details on the structures and functions of each division, such as the pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and cochlea.
What you will learn
Typology: Study notes
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Eslam Osman, M.D.,F.R.C.S (ORL, H&N Surgery) Eslam Osman, M.D.,F.R.C.S (ORL, H&N Surgery)
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External Ear External Ear
Middle Ear Middle Ear
Inner Ear Inner Ear
Central Auditory Nervous System Central Auditory Nervous System
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Pinna Pinna
Collect sound Collect sound
Localization Localization
Resonator Resonator
Protection Protection
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Extends from the pinna to the Extends from the pinna to the tympanic membrane tympanic membrane
inch in length
inch in length
Protects the eardrum Protects the eardrum
Wax Wax
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The eardrum separates the outer ear The eardrum separates the outer ear
from the middle ear from the middle ear
Creates a barrier that protects the Creates a barrier that protects the
middle and inner areas from foreign middle and inner areas from foreign
objects objects
The eardrum vibrates in response to The eardrum vibrates in response to
sound pressure waves. sound pressure waves.
Changes acoustic energy into Changes acoustic energy into
mechanical energy mechanical energy
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Malleus (hammer) Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil) Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup) smallest bone of the Stapes (stirrup) smallest bone of the
body body
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The ET connects the front wall of the The ET connects the front wall of the
middle ear with the nasopharynx middle ear with the nasopharynx
It operates like a valve, which opens It operates like a valve, which opens
during swallowing and yawning during swallowing and yawning
It equalizes the pressure on either It equalizes the pressure on either
side of the eardrum, which is side of the eardrum, which is
necessary for optimal hearing. necessary for optimal hearing.
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Bony ridge behind the auricle Bony ridge behind the auricle
Connect with middle ear Connect with middle ear
Can get infected ( Mastoiditis) Can get infected ( Mastoiditis)
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The middle ear enhances the transfer The middle ear enhances the transfer
of acoustical energy in two ways: of acoustical energy in two ways:
The area of the eardrum is about 17 times larger than the oval window times larger than the oval window
The effective pressure (force per unit area) The effective pressure (force per unit area) is increased by this amount. is increased by this amount.
The ossicles produce a lever action that further amplifies the pressure further amplifies the pressure
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Cochlea Cochlea
Vestibule Vestibule
Semicircular canals Semicircular canals
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Consists of vestibule and three semi Consists of vestibule and three semi-
circular canals circular canals
Shares fluid with the cochlea Shares fluid with the cochlea
Controls balance Controls balance
No part in hearing process No part in hearing process
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Local causes Local causes
Every ear disease can be associated Every ear disease can be associated
with deafness with deafness
General Causes General Causes
Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease
Neurological conditions Neurological conditions
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Unilateral or bilateral Unilateral or bilateral
Subjective or objective Subjective or objective
Pulsatile or non pulsatile Pulsatile or non pulsatile
