An apparent and good handwritten notes on the Urinary system, Lecture notes of Human Physiology

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Respiratory system

Organs of the Respiratory system

• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs –

alveoli

• The only externally visible part of the

respiratory system

• Air enters the nose through the external

nares (nostrils)

• The interior of the nose consists of a

nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum

The Nose

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Lateral walls have projections

called conchae

• Increases surface area
• Increases air turbulence within the nasal

cavity

• The nasal cavity is separated from the

oral cavity by the palate

• Anterior hard palate (bone)
• Posterior soft palate (muscle)

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

• Cavities within bones surrounding

the nasal cavity

• Frontal bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Maxillary bone

Function of the sinuses

• Lighten the skull
• Act as resonance chambers for speech
• P..r. oduce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Paranasal Sinuses

• Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
• Tonsils of the pharynx
  • Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the

nasopharynx

• Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
• Lingual tonsils at the base of the

tongue

Structures of the Pharynx

• Routes for air and food into proper

channels

• Plays a role in speech.
• Made of eight rigid hyaline

cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap

of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Larynx (Voice Box)

• Vocal cords (vocal folds)
  • Vibrate with expelled air to create sound

(speech)

• Glottis – opening between vocal

cords

Structures of the Larynx

• Connects larynx with

• L

b i

r n

o e

n d

ch w

i ith ciliated mucosa

• Beat continuously in the opposite direction

of incoming air

• Expel mucus loaded with dust and other

debris away from lungs

• Walls are reinforced with C-shaped

hyaline cartilage

Trachea (Windpipe)

• Occupy most of the thoracic

c•a A

v p

it e

y xis near the clavicle (superior portion)

• Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior

portion)

• Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
  • Left lung – two lobes
  • Right lung – three lobes

Lungs

Lungs

• Primary bronchi
• Secondary bronchi
• Tertiary bronchi
• Bronchioli
• Terminal

bronchioli

Respiratory Tree Divisions

• Smallest

branches

of the

bronchi

Bronchioles