INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE
ENGINEERING
BY
Ms. G. Sravanthi
Assistant Professor
Mr. R. Suresh kumar
Assistant Professor
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
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Early Flight History: From Balloons to the Wright Brothers, Study notes of Introduction to Aerospace Engineering
Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It has two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. Avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the electronics side of aerospace engineering
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INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE
ENGINEERING
BY Ms. G. Sravanthi Assistant Professor Mr. R. Suresh kumar Assistant Professor
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING^ Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043
Early Flight to
World War I
Early Years of Flight
Introduction
- Man first flew aloft in a balloon in 1783
- Airpower did not have an immediate
impact
- Flying machines were not readily accepted
by land oriented officers
- Aiƌpoǁeƌ’s fiƌst ŵajoƌ iŵpaĐt ǁas Ŷot uŶtil
World War I
3
Balloons
- Mongolier Brothers flew first hot-air
balloon in 1783
- Ben Franklin saw first balloon flight and
immediately saw the military potential
- First used for military purposes by the
French in 1794 at Maubege
- Union and Confederate forces employed
balloons during the American Civil War
4
Dirigibles
- Steerable balloons -- ofteŶ Đalled ͞ Aiƌships͟
- 1884 -- first successful flight in a dirigible
- Ferdinand Von Zeppelin -- person most readily identified with dirigibles - Zeppelins first flown in 1900 - Germans used to bomb England in WW I - Germans used to fly observation cover for their surface fleet in WW I
- Vulnerable to winds and ground fire
6
The Early Years of Flight
- Uses of Balloons and Dirigibles
- Reconnaissance
- Artillery spotting
- Bombing (extremely limited prior to WW I)
- Morale Booster/Mail/Escape Means
- Air transport of supplies
7
Orville and Wilbur Wright
- First to fly a heavier-than-air, power-driven machine -- 17 December 1903 - Flight traveled 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds
- Approached flying scientifically and systematically
- Used experience of Lilienthal, Pilcher and Chanute
- Built a glider in Dayton in 1899
- Moved to Kitty Hawk, N. Carolina in 1900
9
ReaĐtioŶs to the Wƌight’s IŶǀeŶtioŶ
- US government was very skeptical at first
- Not iŶteƌested ďeĐause of the LaŶgleLJ’s failuƌes
- Britain and France were very enthusiastic
- President Roosevelt directed the Secretary of War, W. H. Taft, to investigate the Wright Bƌotheƌs’ iŶǀeŶtioŶ iŶ ϭ9Ϭϲ
- Dec.1907 -- Chief Signal Officer, BG James Allen, issued Specification # 486 calling for bids to build the first military aircraft
10
Specification # 486 (Cont)
- 41 proposals were received, only 3
complied with specifications
- US Army signed contract with Wright
Brothers on 10 Feb 1908
- Wright Brothers delivered the first military
aircraft on 20 Aug 1908
- US Army accepted the first operational
aircraft on 2 Aug 1909
12
The Early Years of Flight
Closing Remarks
- Until WW I balloons, dirigibles and aircraft
were primarily reconnaissance vehicles
- Early on, the flying machines were not seen
as weapons of war
- Few believed the flying service was ready to
be a separate air force
- The potential uses of the airplane would
evolve considerably during WW I
13
History of Flight
Aviation Through the Ages 1000B.C to 1250A.D
- Man's observations of the earth around him aroused his curiosity and often inspired him to attempt the impossible. How did man's lack of knowledge of the physical laws of nature sometimes bring him tragedy?
- The Greek myth of Daedalus and his son Icarus was written around 1000 B.C. The myth states that after Daedalus built the labyrinth the king of Crete threw him in it to test it. He and his son Icarus escaped by building wings of wax and flying away. However Icarus flew too high and the wax in his wings began to melt. His wings collapsed and he plunged to his death in the sea.
- Kites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China were ancestors of modern aviation and the airplane. In the year 1020 A.D. Oliver of Malmesbury put on a pair of wings and leapt from the top of an abbey. He landed very hard and broke his legs. Luckily he survived the crash. Many others attempted to fly with "wings" but all failed, sometimes fatally.
Aviation Through the Ages 1750 to 1850
- What forces cause smoke to rise in a fireplace? This was what sparked Montgolfier's curiosity.
- Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed the first successful flying craft. Their observations led them to believe that burning created a gas, which they called "Montgolfier's gas," causing a craft to rise. They constructed a balloon made of cloth and paper. The first aviators were a duck, rooster, and a sheep. Then in 1783 a crowd in Paris watched as a Montgolfier balloon carried two French men. The way the balloons worked is hot air and gases filled the balloon causing it to lift. Once it was in the air it simply went wherever the wind took it. To counter this problem Henri Giffard designed a round oval shaped balloon called a blimp and combined it with a steam engine to make it steerable. When gasoline engines were invented they became a major source of transportation across the Atlantic Ocean. The Hindenburg zeppelin disaster in 1937 caused the end for these large airships.
Aviation Through the Ages
1850 to 1900
- Sir George Cayley set in motion the future study of aerodynamics in a single sentence. "The whole problem is confined within these limits, namely to make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air."
- Sir George Cayley experimented with gliders at his home in Yorkshire. He was the first to discover how wings work. Cayley discovered that wings are lifted on the air. He also constructed the first aircraft that was heavier than air. He is now recognized as the father of aviation. He came up with many principles of heavier-than-air flight.