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496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) ADOLESCENT MOTHERS: THE JOURNEY AND LIVED EXPERIENCES OF EARLY PREGNANCY AMONG THE TEENAGE PARENTS BY MEANS OF YOUNGMOMHOOD INFOGRAPHIC AT CALOOCAN TO TONDO CITY By: Cañizo, Maycee B. Llamas, Raizen Isabel C. Lumbab, Marjorie P. Nozaleda, Crislyn Shiela D. Padecio, Tiffany Alistaire A. Martillana, Marlon S. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Research Project La Consolacion College – Caloocan
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) Senior High School Department ABSTRACT
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) Table of Contents Title Page 1 Abstract 2 Acknowledgement 3 Table of Contents 4 Chapter I Introduction 6 Statement of the Problem Scope and Limitation Significance of the Study Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Definition of Terms Chapter II Foreign Literature Foreign Study Local Study Chapter III Research Design Respondents
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) Sampling Method Research Instrument Validity and Reliability Data Gathering Procedure Data Analysis Ethical Consideration Chapter IV Analysis Presentation Interpretation of Data Theme Analysis Chapter V Summary of Findings Conclusion Implication Recommendation Bibliography Appendices
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) Researchers conducted this research topic because we want to know what is like for teenage mothers to have a baby at such a young age. We want to know and understand their journey as a teenage mom. What do they do if they’re being judged? If they can handle both of their pregnancy and studies well? And we also want to know if their pregnancy is an accident or not. Wahn and Nissen (2005) studied young women between the ages of 15 to 19 years who were either pregnant or already a parent (already given birth). When they looked at the teens’ attitudes and knowledge about motherhood, they found those who looked at pregnancy as a better lifestyle actually felt that way about it at first, but once the child arrived they found it more difficult than they thought it would be. The majority chose to continue with pregnancy because they either wanted it or were unsure about it. However, some mentioned that they became more responsible and mature as a result of getting pregnant and having a baby but it was difficult to adjust with the new financial problems and taking care of a baby. According to Williams (2005) adolescents encountered more problems during pregnancy and child birth than older women. The long- term effects of pregnancies are far reaching and teenage mothers face difficulties such as dropping out of school. The problems encountered may be physical, psychological, social, academic and emotional. The research team chose this topic because motherhood is a significant and important aspect of life for many women around the world. Nowadays early pregnancy among teenagers is rampant. Adolescents often
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) become parents before they have the necessary knowledge, expertise, or tools to cope with early parenthood, adding stress to an already stressful developmental stage. Nevertheless, some teenage mothers are prepared to face all the difficulties of raising their children, despite any circumstances. All, they assume, happens for a reason. They continue to fight to show that making their lives better is not too late. Listening to the lived experiences of pregnant adolescents and adolescent mothers and how they cope with their challenges during early motherhood will facilitate the improvement of adolescent-friendly health services and also promote culturally sensitive, quality health care (Wilkinson & Callister, 2010). The aim of this study is to contribute the understanding of the life of teenage mothers to the readers. Understanding the experiences and how teenage mothers deal with life considering how the society works or how people see them and how they handle the consequences or challenges of being a mother in such a young age. The study will further determine the things that need to be considered with regards on what kind of living do the teenage mothers have, the common misconceptions about a minor woman having a child, how it affects or influence the people and the impact of this case in our society. The proposed info graphic allows us to look at some of the journey or lived experience and difficulties they went through for being a teenage mother. As a researcher, we want to share in our product the glimpse of what is like to be a teenage mother, to help others who are experiencing the same thing, and to give them sources that can help them.
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) information would be conducted through the help and use of survey questionnaire and questions prepared by the researchers that would be asked during the interview that are related to the topic problem. All the conclusions and results drawn from the study will be relevant with no other but only to respondents of this study and will not be used by the people who do not belong to the population of this study. Significance of the Study The results of this study will be beneficial to the following people and institutions. The study will add new knowledge about to the teenage pregnancy their experiences as well as knowledge concerned family. For the mothers of the students: As both parents and students, they will gain insight into their situation and be aware of their obligations. For the students: They will gain a deeper understanding of the reality of teenager mother and learn about the experiences of early pregnancy mother, most importantly for them. For the guidance counselors: The findings and observations would provide them relevant data that can be used in their counseling interventions. For the researchers:
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) They will broaden their knowledge about the experiences of teenagers’ mother's. For the teachers: To teach adolescent people to know the experiences of the young mother and how they can cope in the event of such a situation. Theoretical Framework It is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists. In this study, Schlossberg’s Transition Theory is usually classified as a theory of adult development (Goodman et al., 2006). The theory allows researchers to better appreciate what individuals experience during a transition period. The theory defines transition as any event or non- event in which the outcome transforms relationships, practices, expectations, and responsibilities (Goodman, Schlossberg, & Anderson, 2006). These three types of transitions are defined as anticipated transitions (expected events), unanticipated transitions (unexpected events), and non-events (events that are expected to occur but do not occur) (Evans et al., 2010; Goodman et al., 2006). The context of the transition refers to the individual’s relationship to the transition and the settings in which the transition takes place. The impact is determined by how the transition influences the day-to-day life of the individual (Anderson et al., 2012; Evans
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) DEFINITION OF TERMS To clarify the purpose of the study being conducted the following terms are conceptually and operationally defined: Minor Conceptual : A person under a certain age, usually the majority age, legally demarcating childhood from adulthood. The age of majority depends on jurisdiction and application. Minor often refers to those under the age of majority, but it may also refer to persons under a certain age limit, Operational : In the study, it refers to a person who is not yet in legal age and also the subject of this study
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) Sex Education Conceptual : An education on issues related to human sexuality, including emotional relationships and responsibilities. Gender education, which covers all of these aspects, is known as comprehensive sex education. Parents and caregivers, formal school programs and public health campaigns are common avenues for sex education. Operational : In the study, this is one of broad variety of topics related to sex and sexuality that are related to our study. Lived Experiences Conceptual : Live experience refers to the representation of a person's experiences and choices, and the knowledge that they gain from those experiences and choices. What is more, living experience is not about reflecting on experience while living through it, but is recollective; where experience is reflected after it has passed or lived through it. Operational : In this study, It refers to the crucial things happened in the life of teenage parents. Family Planning Conceptual : The ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and achieve the desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. This is achieved through the use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility.
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) Adolescence is usually associated with adolescent years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. Operational : In the study, it is the respondents of the study Unintended Consequences Conceptual : Are outcomes of purposeful action that are not intended or anticipated. The term was popularized in the twentieth century by Robert K. Merton, an American sociologist. Parenting Conceptual : Parenting or child rearing is a process that promotes and promotes the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development of children from childhood to adulthood. Parenting refers to the intricacy of the child's upbringing, and not solely to the biological relationship.
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter present various literatures and studies pertinent to the research. The literature and studies that cited here in this chapter tackles about different concepts, ideas, understandings that were used as the guide to the researchers to develop the research. This chapter will also include the information that’ll help the researchers to familiarize and relevant to this study. Foreign Literature According to Philippine National Statistics Office (2020) The Philippines teenage pregnancy rate has increased by 60% in the year 2000- 2010, this is highly disturbing. Teenage pregnancy frequently happens between the ages of 15-19 years, and girls still study often at this age. Girls typically have to abandon their education in early pregnancy to give birth or raise their child. Training is less of a priority and is frequently deferred until
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) According to Mercer (1980) described both adolescence and motherhood as maturational crises, characterized by internal disequilibria and subsequent internal growth of the individual. When a teenager becomes pregnant, Mercer suggested that the teenager is forced to adjust to the adult role of motherhood in addition to the teenager’s developmental role as an adolescent. Some teenage mothers may become overwhelmed while adjusting to both breastfeeding and motherhood; however, teenage mothers have the potential to accept the changes and responsibilities of teenage motherhood and breastfeeding. As studied by Alison Nelson and Sarla Seth (2005) the narratives of the teenage mothers conveyed that there is an interconnection between breastfeeding and their becoming teenage mothers. The teenage mothers found that breastfeeding became easier as they got used to it, and for the most part, their breastfeeding experiences became better over time as their babies grew and developed. Perhaps, breastfeeding experiences contribute toward a teenage mother’s evolution in becoming a mother of her infant and in becoming a mature person. According to study conducted by Christine Maria Stroble (2013) Their study was inspired and is to some extent a continuation of their Honours Research study entitled: Perceptions and experiences of reasons for teenage pregnancy in periurban KwaZulu-Natal (2009). The Honours study yielded very rich data with findings related to issues of risky sexual
496 A. Mabini St., Caloocan City PAASCU Accredited Level III (GS) / Level III (JHS) PACUCOA Accredited Level II (BSBA, BSHRM, BSTM) behavior and how teenage girls engage in sexual behavior they do not necessarily see as a prerequisite to pregnancy. The role of income came out strongly in the discussions with the teenage girls that took part in my Honours study. They argued that teenage pregnancy had changed them, from being young girls relying on family, to becoming mothers with someone else relying on them, thus seeing themselves as responsible adults. According to the participants who took part in their Honours study, teenage pregnancy and in particular, motherhood was a revelation. It taught them not only independence, but also, they had also learned to think and care for someone else other than themselves. The majority of adolescent pregnancies and births are unplanned (Sedgh, Finer, Bankole, Eilers, & Singh, 2015), often resulting in affected adolescents being stigmatized (Maly et al., 2017). This can have many negative social and economic effects on the girls, their families, and communities as a whole. Furthermore, most girls who get pregnant before the age of 20 years struggle to adjust to their new roles as mothers (Ngum Chi Watts et al., 2015). Adolescents are emotionally and psychologically not prepared for motherhood and, thus, experience a high rate of prenatal and postnatal depression (Hodgkinson, Beers, Southammakosane, & Lewin, 2014). As stated by Dlamini (2002). Cultural norms and values could be the deterioration of teenage mother’s empowerment and could come up to
